MEC221 DYNAMICS

CHAPTER 3
KINETICS OF PARTICLE

L.R. v2 (Sept
1 2019)
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Kinetics = It deals with the relationship between the change in
motion of a body and the forces that cause this change
Particle = a body infinitely small in volume and is considered to
be concentrated at a point

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CONTENT

3.1 Force and Acceleration

3.2 Work and Energy
3.3 Impulse and Momentum

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3.0 INTRODUCTION
Kinetic motion of particle can be analyzed by using method of:

3.1 FORCE AND ACCELERATION

find F, m, a

can be derived to obtain another equations which are:

3.2 3.3

WORK AND ENERGY IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

find F, v, t
find F, v, s
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 3.1 FORCE AND ACCELERATION
Learning Outcome
Students will be able to:
1. Understand and apply Newton's Second Law to establish relationships between
force, mass, and acceleration for particles.
2. Develop accurate free-body and kinetic diagrams to identify and represent forces
acting on particles, enabling analysis and solution of kinetics problems.
3. Formulate and solve equations of motion for particles, integrating kinematic
equations where necessary to determine forces, accelerations, and velocities in a
complex dynamic systems.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
The basis for kinetics is Newton’s second law, which states that
when an unbalanced force acts on a particle, the particle will
accelerate in the direction of the force with a magnitude that is
proportional to the force.
where;

F = ma F = unbalanced force (Newton, N)

m = mass (kilogram, kg)
a = acceleration (m/s2)
FREE-BODY-DIAGRAM (FBD) AND KINETIC
DIAGRAM (KD)
Free-body-diagram Kinetic Diagram
• A drawing that shows the body that • A drawing that shows the body that
free from surroundings with all the free from surroundings and showing
forces that act on it is. mass with acceleration / of the body.
• Example: • Example:
FREE-BODY-DIAGRAM 3. Weight force

Types of force with FBD:

1. Friction Force, Ff = μN

4. Spring Force, Fs

2. Tension / Compression force

5. Normal Force, N
EXAMPLE: Free-body-diagram (FBD) and Kinetic Diagram (KD)

A 10-kg block is subjected to the force F = 500 N. A spring of stiffness k = 500 N/m is mounted
against the block. When s = 0, the block is at rest and the spring is uncompressed. The
contact surface has a friction coefficient of 0.2.

Draw the free-body and kinetic diagrams of the block.

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EXAMPLE: Free-body-diagram (FBD) and Kinetic Diagram (KD)
Solutio Y
n: st
1 step: Determine the suitable reference axis.
X

2nd step: FBD - Identify all forces in the system and draw into the FBD in the proper directions.

500 N W = 10(9.81) N
5
3
Y 4

Fs = k x = 500s

X Ff = μ N = 0.2N

N 10
EXAMPLE: Free-body-diagram (FBD) and Kinetic Diagram (KD)
Solutio
n: rd
3 step: KD – Determine the direction of inertial force vector ma of the system.

Y Hint: the direction

of ma follows the
ma direction of the
X surface (if any).

CAUTION: the direction of ma does not represent the object’s direction of motion

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EXERCISES: Free-body-diagram (FBD)

1 Draw FBD for the box 2 Draw FBD for the slider

With friction force

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EXERCISES: Free-body-diagram (FBD)

3 Draw FBD for the box 4 Draw FBD for the box

With friction force

With friction force

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EXERCISES: Free-body-diagram (FBD)

5 Draw FBD for the box A and B (with friction force) 6 Draw FBD for the box A and chain B

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EXERCISES: Draw Free-body-diagram (FBD)

7 Draw free-body-diagram (FBD) of 8 Draw free-body-diagram (FBD) of

the spool. Assume there is a box A and B.
friction at point A.

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EQUATION OF MOTION

The equation of motion can be written as:

EQUATION OF MOTION with FBD and KD
Equation of motion:

Free-body-diagram Kinetic diagram

Reference axis:

Show all forces that act on the body/particle Show all acceleration motion that act on the body/particle
EQUATION OF MOTION with FBD and KD
Example: 1 FBD and KD
FBD Kinetic diagram

2 Equation of motion, ΣF = ma
The motor winds in the cable with a
constant acceleration such that the 20-
kg crate moves a distance s = 6 m in 3s
starting from rest. μk = 0.3. Find the
tension developed in the cable.
EQUATION OF MOTION: RECTANGULAR
COMPONENT
1. The equation of motion, F = m a, is best used when the problem requires
finding forces (especially forces perpendicular to the path), accelerations,
velocities, or mass.
2. Three scalar equations can be written from this vector equation. The equation
of motion, being a vector equation, may be expressed in terms of its three
components in the Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate system as

∑F = ma Vector:
∑Fx i + ∑Fy j + ∑Fz k = m(ax i + ay j + az k)
Scalar:
Fx=max ; Fy=may ; Fz=maz
EXAMPLE 1
The motor winds in the cable with a constant acceleration such that the 20-kg
crate moves a distance s = 6 m in 3 s, starting from rest. Given μk = 0.3. Find the
tension developed in the cable.
EXAMPLE 1
Solution:
1) Draw the free-body and kinetic diagrams of the crate:

Reference Axis FBD Kinetic Diagram

Direction for friction depends on Diagram shows that the

The direction of axis follows
the direction of motion (velocity) motion only occurs in x-
the direction of motion, also
not acceleration.. We assume direction
known as “local axis”
that the crates is accelerating
(acceleration is same with
direction of velocity.
EXAMPLE 1
Solution:
2) Apply the equation of motion
+ ∑ Fy = may ⇒ -20 (9.81) (cos30°) + N = 0
=> N = 169.9 N
+ ∑ Fx = max ⇒ T – 20(9.81)(sin30°) –0.3(169.9)= 20 a [1]
There are 2 unknowns

3) Apply kinematic equation to solve for acceleration

s = v0 t + ½ a t 2
⇒ 6 = (0) 3 + ½ a (32)
⇒ a = 1.333 m/s2
4) Substitute a into [1], and find T ⇒ T = 20 (981) (sin30°) + 0.3(169.9) + 20 (1.333)
⇒ T = 176 N
EXAMPLE 2

The 100-kg block A as shown is

released from rest. If the
masses of the pulleys and the
cord are neglected, determine
the velocity of the 20-kg block B
in 2 s.

Note: If the question involves dependent motion, it

is required to draw Kinematic Diagram and find
total cord length.
 EXAMPLE 2
Solution: 1st step: dependent motion diagram, then draw FBD and KD

Reference axis: FBD KD Dependent Motion

Block A: **Please do not assume direction based Diagram
on which object pulls another object

+v A
e
Follow direction of s in
kinematic diagram

Block B:
B
+v
e
Follow direction of s in
kinematic diagram
EXAMPLE 2

2nd step: Derive equation of motion from FBD and Kinetic diagram:

Block A: ----------------
[1]
Block B: ----------------
[2]
3rd step: Derive kinematic equation from Kinematic diagram:

Total cord length:

Acceleration: ----------------
[3]
EXAMPLE 2

From substitution;

4th step: Solve velocity of block B using Kinematic equation

EXAMPLE 3

The system shown is released

from rest. Determine the
40 kg
acceleration of block A and B,
and the tension in the cables if A
the coefficient of friction B
between all contacting surface
is µ = 0.5
100 kg
30°
Reminder: For question involves dependent
motion with friction, the direction of ma and
friction forces are not related.
 EXAMPLE 3
Solution: 1st step: dependent motion diagram, then draw FBD and KD

Reference axis: FBD KD Dependent Motion

392.4 Diagram
Block A:
N T
y A
+v
Datum
e 30°
x sA Datum
Follow direction of s in
kinematic diagram
0.5F F sB

N N A
Block B: the direction of ma and
friction forces are not related B

T
+v 30°
e
B
Follow direction of s in
kinematic diagram

981 N
EXAMPLE 3

2nd step: Derive equation of motion from FBD and Kinetic diagram:

Block A:

----------------
[1]
Block B:
----------------
[2]
EXAMPLE 3

3rd step: Derive kinematic equation from Kinematic diagram:

Total cord length:

Acceleration: ----------------
[3]

From substitution:
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2

When the blocks are released,

determine their acceleration and
the tension of the cable. Neglect
the mass of the pulley.