YR 10

CHEMISTRY

Stoichiometry
Learning Objectives
Stoichiometry
 Use the ratios of reactants and products (stoichiometric ratio or
mole ratio) from a balanced equation to determine amount, in
moles, of reactants or products in a chemical reaction
 Calculate theoretical yield (in moles or mass) from a
stoichiometric reaction or when one reactant is present in excess
 Calculate percentage yield for a reaction and suggest reasons
that the theoretical yield has been exceeded or not reached
 Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the calculation of

quantities in chemical equations
If we are to use a chemical equation to explore
the stoichiometric relationships, you must
use moles.
So, if you have mass, you need to convert to
moles.
 Stoichiometry

Interpreting the mole concept in the above

equations means:
•If 1 mole of methane, CH4, it reacts with 2 moles of
oxygen, O2, to produce one mole of carbon dioxide, CO2,
and 2 moles of water, H2O
or
• 6.022×1023 molecules of CH4 reacts with 1.204×1024
molecules of O2 to produce 6.022×1023 molecules of CO2
and 1.204×1024 molecules of H2O
 THE ULTIMATE GOAL
• Using stoichiometry, the amounts of
substances used in chemical reactions can be
determined
• Steps to follow:
» Convert to moles
» Use mole ratio (stoichiometric ratio)
» Convert moles to masses if needed

Remember!

mass = moles × molar mass

 Stoichiometry
Mole – mole calculations
If excess nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to
produce ammonia (NH3), how many moles H2 are required
to produce 0.17 mole of NH3 ?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
We need a balanced equation, with state symbols, first.
We need to use the equation for the stoichiometric relationship between H 2
and NH3. There is no equation for this type of problem.

H2 : NH3
3 mole : 2
3 mole  0.17 mole
mole
x 2 mole
x mole : 0.17 mole =
x = 0.255 mole of H2
 Stoichiometry
Mole – mole calculations
Using the same reaction, you now calculate how many
moles N2 are required to react completely with 0.058 mole
of H2 ?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
Use the equation for the stoichiometric relationship between N 2 and H2.

N2 : H2
1 mole  0.058 mole
1 mole : 3 mole x 3 mole
=
x
x mole : 0.058 mole
= 0.019 mole of N2

needed.
 Stoichiometry
Mole – mole calculations
Using the same reaction again, calculate how much
ammonia (NH3) would be produced if 0.84 mole of nitrogen
gas reacts with excess hydrogen gas?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
Use the equation for the stoichiometric relationship between H 2 and NH3.

N2 : NH3
2 mole  0.84 mole
1 mole : 2 mole x 1 mole
=
x
0.84 mole : x mole
= 1.68 mole of N2

produced.
 Stoichiometry
Mole – mole calculations
Try this one:
If 2.04 mole of HNO3 reacted with sufficient copper, how much
Cu(NO3)2 would be produced?
3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  3Cu(NO3)2(s) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
Use the equation for the stoichiometric relationship between HNO3 and
Cu(NO3)2
3  2.04
HNO3 : Cu(NO3)2 x 8
8 : 3
=
x = 0.765 mole of
2.04 : x Cu(NO3)2
produced
 Stoichiometry
Mole – mole calculations
Try this one:
If you could drop 21 atoms of copper into a beaker containing
nitric acid, how many molecules of NO would be produced in
the following reaction?
3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  3Cu(NO3)2(s) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

Use the equation for the stoichiometric relationship between Cu and NO.

Cu atoms : NO molecules
3 : 2
2 
x 21 3
21 : x =
x = 14 molecules of NO
 MAKING LEAD
Mass-molesIODIDE
calculations
A lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with
potassium iodide solution to give a lead(II)
iodide precipitate and a potassium nitrate
solution
If 2.99 g of KI reacts with excess lead(II)
nitrate, what mass of PbI2 is produced?

Pb(NO3)2 (aq)
The GOLDEN
+ 2 KI PbI
(aq)
RULE
+ 2 KNO 2 (s) 3 (aq)

We need a balanced equation, with state symbols, first.

Mass
of stoichiometry:
2.99g

Moles Now put in the?information

If you havethat
? you know
mass – you must
Mass convert to moles.
? Then
calculate the
mass
We’re dealing with The first step is to Then use the mole
masses and moles, find the number of ratio to find the
so that’s what the moles of KI that number of moles
headings will be react of PbI2 produced
 MAKING LEAD
Mass-molesIODIDE
calculations
A lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with
potassium iodide solution to give a lead(II)
iodide precipitate and a potassium nitrate
solution
If 2.99 g of KI reacts with excess lead(II)
nitrate, what mass of PbI2 is produced?
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

Mass 2.99g
Mole ?
s
?
0.0180

Mass ?
1 mole of KI = 166.0 g n= m or by the
M equation:

n= 2.99 g
x = 2.99 g
166.0 g/mol
x = 1 mole  2.99 g
166.0 g x = 0.018 mole of KI reacting
 MAKING LEAD
Mass-molesIODIDE
calculations
A lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with
potassium iodide solution to give a lead(II)
iodide precipitate and a potassium nitrate
solution
If 2.99 g of KI reacts with excess lead(II)
nitrate, what mass of PbI2 is produced?
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

Mass 2.99g
Mole 0.0180 ?
0.00900
s
Mass ?
2 mole of KI : 1 mole of PbI2
Then use the mole
ratio to find the
number of moles
0.018 mole of KI
: x mole of PbI 2
of PbI2 produced

x = 1 mole  0.018 mole

2 mole x = 0.00900 mole of PbI2 produced
 MAKING LEAD
Mass-molesIODIDE
calculations
A lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with
potassium iodide solution to give a lead(II)
iodide precipitate and a potassium nitrate
solution
If 2.99 g of KI reacts with excess lead(II)
nitrate, what mass of PbI2 is produced?
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

Mass 2.99g
Mole 0.0180 0.00900
s
Mass
? g
4.152 Now calculate
the mass

1 mole of PbI2 = 461.0 g n= m or by the

M equation:

0.00900 mole of KI = xg m= nM

x = 461.0 g  0.00900 mole m = 0.00900 mole  461.0 g/mol
1 mole x = 4.15 g of PbI2 produced
 MAKING COPPER
You try this one:

Zinc reacts with copper(II)

sulfate to give zinc sulfate and
copper
» If 2.57 g of zinc reacts, what
mass of copper is produced?

Zn(s) +  +

Mass 2.57 g

Moles

Mass
 A POP
TEST
Solutions and moles calculations

Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid

to give hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  H2(g)+ MgCl2(aq)
 If the hydrochloric acid concentration is 3.0mol dm–3 ,
and 25 mL is used.
How many moles is this?
How many moles of Mg
would be needed
to completely react with
this much acid?

 How many moles of H2

would be produced?
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)

Conc
Volum
e
Moles
Mass
There’s no set
“rules” for
what to put in
this column –
choose the
most relevant
headings for
each problem.
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)

Conc 3.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e ? ? ?
Moles
Mass
 The hydrochloric acid concentration is 3.0 M, and
25 mL is used – List what you know.
How many moles is this?
 How many moles of Mg would be needed to
completely react with this much acid?
 How many moles of H2 would be produced?
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 3.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.075 mol
Moles
Mass
3 moles in 1 dm−3

x moles in 0.025 dm−3

x = 3 moles  0.025 dm−3

1 dm−3
x = 0.075 moles
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 3.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.075 mol
Moles
Mass
or by the
c= n equation:
v
n= c v
n = 3 moles  0.025 dm−3
n = 0.075 moles
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 3.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e ? 0.075 mol ? ?
Moles
Mass
Now that we have the moles of one component of the equation,
We can use that quantity to find the moles of other reactant/s
or product/s using the mole ratio

If need be, you can then the mass of

reactants/ products can be found after you
know the number of moles
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375
? 0.075 mol ? ?
Moles mol
Mass
Mg
1
:
:
HCl
2 x 1 
0.075
2
=

x : nmg = 0.0375 moles

0.075
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375 0.075 mol ?
0.0375 ?
Moles mol mol
Mass
Mg : H2 nH2 = 0.0375 mole
1 : 1
Make life easier (1:1 ratio)
and use this
ratio
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375 0.075 mol 0.0375 0.0375
?
Moles mol mol mol
Mass
Mg : MgCl2
1 : 1
Again, make life
easier and use nMgCl2 = 0.0375 moles
this ratio
(1:1 ratio)
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375 0.075 mol 0.0375 0.0375
Moles mol mol mol
Mass
You can now determine:
• the mass of Mg needed
• the mass of H2 produced
• the mass of MgCl2 produced
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375 0.075 mol 0.0375 0.0375
Moles mol mol mol
Mass
For example, what is the mass of Mg needed?
1 mole of Mg = 24.31 g n= m or by the
M equation:
m= nM
0.0375 mol = x m = 24.31 g  0.0375 mol
g
x = 24.31 g  0.0375 mol
m = 0.912 g
1 mol
x = 0.912 g of Mg needed to react.
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375 0.075 mol 0.0375 0.0375
Moles mol mol mol
Mass
We could now also calculate how much H2 is produced?
1 mole of H2 = 1.02 g n= m or by the
M equation:
m= nM
0.0375 mol = xg m = 1.02 g  0.0375 mol
x = 1.02 g  0.0375 mol
m = 0.383 g
1 mol
x = 0.383 g of H2 produced.
 SETTING IT OUT
Solutions and moles calculations
Mg + 2 HCl  H2 + MgCl2

Conc 2.0 mol

dm−3 3
Volum 0.025 dm
e 0.0375 0.075 mol 0.0375 0.0375
Moles mol mol mol
Mass
What about calculating the volume of H2 is produced at
S.T.P.?
1 mole of H2 = 22.7 dm3
(at S.T.P.)

0.0375 mol = xg
x = 22.7 dm3  0.0375 mol
1 mol
x = 0.851 dm3 of H2 produced.
 Stoichiometry and molar volume of a gas
Remember, 1 mole of ANY gas at S.T.P. occupies a volume of
22.7 dm3.
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O (g)
H H
O O
H H
2 moles 1 mole
22.7 dm3 2 moles
(2  22.7) dm3
(2  22.7) dm3
Therefore we can view the relationship like moles.
For example: If we had 5 dm3 of H2 gas reacting, what
volume of O2 is needed for a complete reaction?
(ii) Determine moles of O2
H2 : O2 x= 1 mole  5 dm3
2 : 1 2 mole

2.5 dm3 of O2
5 dm3
x x=
 Stoichiometry and molar volume of a gas
For example: If we had 5 dm3 of H2 gas reacting, what volume of
O2 is needed for a complete reaction?
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O (g)
We could go through the whole process of converting to moles first:
3
(i) convert dm3 of H2 to moles of H2 (iii) convert of moles O2 to dm of O2
1 mole = 22.7 dm3. 1 mole = 22.7 dm3.
(of ANY gas at S.T.P.) (of ANY gas at S.T.P.)

x = 5 dm3 of H2 0.1101 mole = x

gas reacting x = 22.7 dm3  0.1101 mole
3
x = 1 mole  5 dm
1 mole
22.7 dm3
x = 0.2203 mole of H2 gas reacting x = 2.5
dm3of O2 gas needed
(ii) Determine moles of O2 a whole lot of work for
the same result.
H2 : O2 x = 1 mole  0.2203 mole
2 : 1 2 mole

0.2203 x x = 0.1101 mole of O2

 Stoichiometry and molar volume of a gas
1 mole of ANY gas at S.T.P. occupies a volume of 22.7 dm3.
Let’s look at another problem involving volume of gases and
stoichiometry.
If nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce
ammonia (NH3), how many dm3 of H2 are required to
produce 1.2 dm3 of NH3 at S.T.P.?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
We need the equation to determine the stoichiometric relationship between
H2 : NH3 and apply it using volumes of gas.

H2 : NH3 3 mole  1.2 dm3

3 mole : 2 x 2 mole
mole
=
x = 1.8 dm3 of NH3
x mole : 1.2
3
 Stoichiometry and molar volume of a gas
Remember, 1 mole of ANY gas at S.T.P. occupies a
volume of 22.7 dm3
Try this one:
How many liters of oxygen are required to produce 0.98 liters of water, at
S.T.P.?
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O (g)

x = 0.49 dm of O23
 4NH3(g)+7O2(g)→4NO2(g)
What about+6H
2O(l)
this one:
According to the above reaction, what volume of NO2(g)
is produced from the combustion of 112 g of NH3(g),
assuming the reaction takes place at standard
temperature and pressure?
(molar mass of ammonia, NH3(g), is 17 g/mol)

150 dm3 of NO2 produced

 4NH3(g)+7O2(g)→4NO2(g)
What about+6H
2O(l)
this one:
According to the above reaction, what volume of H2O(g)
is produced when 356 g of O2(g) is combusted, assuming
the reaction takes place at standard temperature and
pressure?

216 dm3 of NO2 produced