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Lecture 07

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Parse
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ESSENTIALS OF

PROGRAMMING (C PROGRAM
AS A CASE STUDY)
CSC 101
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE
ABOUT C

• C is very concise and and user-friendly language.


• C is portable
• C is fast and efficient
• C is a middle-Level Language: This does not mean C is less powerful,
difficult or less developed than other high-level language such as BASIC
and PASCAL.
• C combines the best element of high-level language with control and
flexibility of assembly language.
C DATA TYPES & FORMAT SPECIFIERS

• Data Types Format Specifiers


• int %d
• float %f
• double %f
• char %c
• long %l
• short %i
OUTPUT IN C

int main( ){
printf(“Hello World”);

}
// This will output the text Hello World on the screen
OUTPUT

printf();
printf(“Hello World”);
The output will be
Hello World
VARIABLES
VARIABLE DECLARATION

• int x;

// The will create a memory space(container) that can hold a single value
at a time.
C OPERATORS

• Assignment Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Increment/Decrement Operators
• Logical Operators
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

In typical mathematics this means the same thing

A = 5 and B = 5
Then we can say A = B and B = A

In programming these two are entirely different


VARIABLE INITIALIZATION/ASSIGNMENT

• int x;
• x = 5;
//This will assign the value of 5 to x variable
• x = 10;
//This will change the value of x to 10;
OUTPUT

int x = 10;
int y =5;
printf(“The numbers are %d and %d”,x,y);
The output will be:
The numbers are 10 and 5
INPUT

scanf(“%d”,&x);
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

These operators are use for calculation or mathematical computation.


According to order of precedence these operators are given as follows:
() Parenthesis
/ Division
* Multiply
% Modulus/Remainder
+ Addition
- Subtraction
RELATIONAL OPERATORS

== Equal-to or comparison
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equals to
<= Less than or equals to
!= Not equals to
INCREMENT/DECREMENT OPERATORS

We use increment or decrement to increase or decrease the value of


variable by one.

Increment Prefix Postfix


++ ++a a++
-- --a a--
LOGICAL OPERATOR

We use it to combine more than one condition

Operator Description
&& if Ahmad is a boy AND Ahmad is <=12
years
|| if Aisha is a student OR Aisha’s level == 200
lvl
! If (4 % 2) != 0
COMPOUND ARITHMETIC OPERATOR

Arithmetic and Assignment operators are combined together to form a


new operator

Operator Description Equivalent


*= a*= constant (a = a * constant)
-= a-= constant (a = a – constant)
+= a+= constant (a = a + constant)
%= a%= constant (a = a % constant)
/= a/= constant (a = a / constant)
BASIC STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAMS

Library
Global Declarations

main() function
{
Local Declarations
Statements
Calling User Define Function
}

user_define_function
C STRUCTURE

#include<stdio.h>

int x = 10;

int main()
{
int y = 5;

}
C STRUCTURE

#include<stdio.h>

int x=2; // Global declaration

int main( ) //built-in function


{

int y =3;//local declaration

MyMax(); //calling user define function


}

int MyMax(){ //function definition

}
CONTROL STATEMENTS

• We use control statements to check for condition & take action.

If (condition)
//execute this
else
//execute this
A decision control instruction can be implemented in C using:
1. The if statement
2. The if-else statement
3. The conditional operators
IF-ELSE -EXAMPLE

If (a > b){
printf(“%d is Maximum”,a);
}
else
printf(“%d is Maximum”,b);
}
LOOP STATEMENT

We use loop in programming if we want to execute instructions


repeatedly untill certain condition is reached. Loop is also called
iteration.
THE FOR LOOP
a. The for loop
for (initialization; condition; increment){
//execute this
}
EXAMPLE

for (int i = 1; i<=5; i++){


printf(“The number is %d”,i);
}
WHILE LOOP

a. While loop
int i=1;
while (condition){
//execute this
i++;
}
EXAMPLE

while (i<=10){
printf(“%d”,i);
i++;
}
DO..WHILE LOOP-EXAMPLE

The do…while loop


do{
printf(“%d”,i);
}
while(i<=5);
POINTERS

• Pointers are variables whose values are memory addresses. Normally, a


variable directly contains a specific value. A pointer, on the other hand,
contains an address of a variable that contains a specific value.

• Pointers are variables which point to memory


PA 2002
• location
VA

ID
EXAMPLE
DECLARATION OF POINTERS…

 Every Pointer has data type associated with it…

 Pointers, like all variables, must be defined before they can be used. The definition
 int *a;
 int b;

 int *number; creates a pointer number

 Careful: you can not create a pointer without identifying the data type with which it
will be used.
SUMMARY OF THIS PART

• & Returns the address of the variable


• * Returns the data(value) pointed to an
address
EXAMPLE OF POINTER

main()
{
float x,y;
float *z;
y =10.0;
z=&y;
x = *z;
Printf(“%f %f\n”,y,x);
}
DETAILS ON POINTERS…
CONTENT OF N BECOME 6…
IF I SAID NUM=&N;
 Note that The &( ampercent) of any variable return the address
of that variable

 The & return the address of it argument

 If I said num=&n means num will be assigned the value as


address of n
THE CONTENT OF NUM BECOME
16254
IF I SAID M=*NUM;
CONTENT OF M BECAME 6
*NUM HAD A VALUE OF N
NOTE:

• The indirect operator * sets the value of m to that pointed by num

n = 6;
num=&n;
m=*num;

• Has the same effect s the statement

n=6
m=n
ARRAY
RECAP ON VARIABLES

• A variable is a memory that is used to hold/store a single value that


can be used modified by the program.
ARRAY CONCEPT
Think of an Array as a Car Park

Nile University has 3 car parks with the name


Park
A Variable name
Park
B
Each of the car parks have
Park
theCmaximum cars
Size
it can take.
Each parking slot can be reference
Index
by a number
Only vehicles are allowedData type

Each parking number has locationaddress


ARRAY STRUCTURE

• The first element in every array is the zeroth


element. Thus, the first element of array C is
referred to as C[0], the second element of
array c is referred to as C[1], the seventh
element of array c is referred to as C[6], and,
in general, the ith element of array C is
referred to as C[i - 1].
• If an Array is referenced by a single index,
the Array is also known as One dimensional
Array.

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