NETWORK TOPOLOGY

NAME :- SOUBHIK GUHA

ROLL NO. :- 34200121026
DEPARTMENT. :-C.S.E.
SUBJECT :-COMPUTER NETWORKS(PCC CS602)
YEAR :-3
SEMESTER :- 5
 Introduction to Network Topology
Computer network topology is the way various components of a network (like
nodes, links, peripherals, etc) are arranged. Network topologies define the
layout, virtual shape or structure of network, not only physically but also
logically. The way in which different systems and nodes are connected and
communicate with each other is determined by topology of the network.
• Physical Topology is the physical layout of nodes, workstations and cables in
the network.
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
• Logical topology is the way information flows between different components
 Bus Topology
• In the bus topology, the computers are connected through a common
communication media. A special type of central wire is used as communication
media. This central wire is called Bus. The computer are attached through the bus
the ends of the bus are closed with the terminator .The terminators are used to
absorb signals.
Advantages :-
• Easy to install and configure
• Inexpensive
• Easily extended
Disadvantages
• Performance decreases
• Weak signals
• Difficult troubleshooting
 Star Topology
• The star topology uses a separate cable for each work station as shown in fig.The
cable connects the work station to a central device typically a HUB. The
configuration provides a more reliable network that is easily expended. With star
there is no central point of failure in the cable .if there is a problem with the cable
only the station connected to that cable is a effected to add more work stations
simply connect another HUB.
Advantages:-
• Easily expended and modified
• Easy to troubleshoot
• Multiple cable types supported by hub
Disadvantages:-
• If hub fails then entire network will fail
• Require more cables
• May require a device to rebroadcast signals across the network
 Ring Topology
• Every computer is connected to the next computer in the ring and each transmits
what it receives from the previous computer. The messages flow around the ring
in one direction.
Some ring network do ring token passing. A short message called token (memory
area)is passed around a ring until a computer wishes to send information to other
computers. That computer modifies token, adds an electronic address and data
and send it around the ring. Each computer in sequence receives the token and
next computer until either the electronic address matches the address of a
computer
Or the token return to its origin .The receiving computer returns a message to the
sender indicating that message has been received.
Advantages:-
• It provides an orderly network in which every device has access to the token and
can transmit.
• It performs well under a heavy load.
• Disadvantages :-
• Failure of one computer can effect the whole network .
• Difficult to troubleshoot.
• Change mode with adding or removing a device effect the entire network.
 Mesh Topology
• A mesh network or mesh topology uses separate cable to connect each device to
every other device on the network, providing a straight communication path. For
sending messages, check the cable connected into two devices. A message is send
directly from sender to receiver because each one has individual and separate
connection.
Advantages:-
• Enhance for error tolerance provided by redundant links.
• Easy to troubleshoot.
Disadvantages:-
• Difficult to install and maintain.
• Expensive.
 Tree Topology
• The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node (the top level of the
hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the
hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a point-to-point link between each of the
second level ' node, while each of the second level nodes that are connected to
the top level central 'root' node will also have one or more other nodes thnodes
and the top level central 'rootat are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third
level) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central 'root'
node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy (The
hierarchy of the tree is symmetrical.) Each node in the network having a specific
fixed number, of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, the
number, being referred to as the 'branching factor' of the hierarchical tree.
Advantages:-
• It is scalable.Secondary nodes allow more devices to be connected to a central
node.
• Point to point connection of devices.
• Having different levels of the network makes it more manageable hence easier
fault identification and isolation.
Disadvantages:-
• Maintenance of the network may be an issue when the network spans a great
area.
• Since it is a variation of bus topology, if the backbone fails, the entire network is
crippled
 Hybrid Topology
• Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way
that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g.,
bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network connected to a tree network is
still a tree network topology. A hybrid topology is always produced when two
different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for
Hybrid network are: star ring network and star bus network.
 References
• www.google.com
• www.scribd.com
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
• www.javatpoint.com