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CommSys4

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zorotoro7
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© © All Rights Reserved
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‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

University of Khartoum
B.Sc. of Communication Engineering
4th Year Electrical Engineering

Communications Systems I
EEE 41201

LECTURE 4

MODULATION OF SIGNALS
Moutaman Mirghani
Institute of Space Research and Aerospace (ISRA)
 A signal could be modulated by
another signal in order to generate
a 3rd signal that contains attributes
of both signals.
Introductio  Modulation is the process
n whereby an information signal
modifies (modulates) a sinusoidal
carrier.
As a result, the information signal
is carried by the carrier signal.
Sinusoidal signal has smallest
spectrum, hence it requires the smallest
channel bandwidth to be transmitted.
A signal is modulated in order to match
channel of transmission such as copper
cables, fiber glass cables and
atmosphere.
In general, modulation enables practical
transmission, such as using small
antenna or waveguide, or to multiplex
signals and obtain multiple access.
Modulated information signals are
either analogue or digital.
Digital modulated signals would have better
immunity to interference. However, analogue
modulated signals require less bandwidth.

Information signals modulate sinusoidal carriers


in several ways, such as amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation (FM).

Since it mostly produces signals of different


frequencies, modulation of signals is nonlinear
process. It involves multiplication of signals.

Analogue modulation methods are classified


as envelope and angle modulation.
Envelope Modulation
In envelope modulation, the amplitude of the sinusoidal
carrier is varied according to the modulation signal m(t). The
modulated signal can be expressed as

This signal can be produced using a signal multiplier, such as


balanced modulator.
For a sinusoidal modulation signal , the expression above
can be rewritten as
Using the rule of the product of two cosines

we obtain

Hence, we obtain two sinusoidal carriers of the sum and difference


frequencies, i.e.
+.

Before Modulation After Modulation


For the general form of the lowpass modulation signal m(t) of a
maximum frequency fm, the modulated signal can be expressed in the
frequency domain as

This type of envelope modulation is known as the Double Sideband


Supressed Carrier (DSB-SC), as the signal includes Upper Sideband (USB)
and Lower Sideband (LSB) but no carrier signal of frequency fc is included.
One very popular type of envelope
modulation is amplitude modulation,
Amplitud in which the carrier is not supressed.
It is the modulation used for AM
e
radio broadcast within the Medium
Modulati Wave (MW) and Short Wave (SW).
on The frequency range of MW is about
500~1600 kHz, while that of SW is
within 3~30 MHz (High Frequency).
Frequency Bands
Frequency Band Abbreviation Frequency Range Wavelength Range
Very Low Frequency VLF 3–30 kHz 10,000 – 100,000 m
Low Frequency LF 30–300 kHz 1000 – 10,000 m
Medium Frequency MF 300–3,000 kHz 100 – 1000 m
High Frequency HF 3–30 MHz 10 – 100 m
Very High Frequency VHF 30–300 MHz 1 - 10 m
Ultra High Frequency UHF 300–3,000 MHz 0.1 – 1 m
Super High Frequency SHF 3–30 GHz 0.01 – 0.1
Extremely High Frequency EHF 30–300 GHz 0.001 – 0.01

RF = Radio Frequency AF = Audio Frequency IF = Intermediate Frequency


In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the modulated
sinusoidal carrier is varied with the modulation signal m(t)
according to

For a sinusoidal modulation signal , the modulated signal is written


as

+
= +
Hence, AM signal contains carrier in addition to LSB and USB.
AM Signal

Before Modulation After Modulation


The AM modulation index is the ratio between of the peak
level of the modulation signal to the amplitude of the carrier.
It is thus defined as

For sinusoidal modulation

In order to avoid overmodulation and then distortion, the


modulation index should not exceed unity, i.e. (or 100%).
Normally, the value is

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