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EEC 455-LPVD-M1-V2

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Girish Shankar Mishra
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21 views20 pages

EEC 455-LPVD-M1-V2

Uploaded by

Girish Shankar Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GITAM

(Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru Campus
School of Technology

EEC 455 LOW POWER VLSI


DESIGN
Presented By
Girish Shankar Mishra
Assistant Professor
Department of EECE
Module-1
Introduction

• Contents
 Need for low power design
 Leakage and its contribution to IC power
 Trends in leakage power
 Physics of power dissipation in CMOS devices
 Power dissipation in CMOS
 Low power VLSI design limits
Sources of Power Dissipation

Dynamic
Static Power
Power

Switching Short Circuit Glitching Diode Subthreshold


Gate Leakage
Power Power Power Leakage Leakage

Tunneling
R.B Leakage
Through Gate

B to B Hot Carrier
Tunnelin Injection
g

Punch
Through
2f
Pswitching = α CL Vdd

Psc = Vdd Imean = β/12 (Vdd – 2Vt)3 τ f

Pleakage = Vdd Ileakage

Factors of Power Dissipation


 Supply Voltage
 Physical Capacitance
 Switching Activity
 Threshold Voltage
Low Power Approaches

Minimizing
Supply Voltage Switching Minimizing
Scaling Capacitance Leakage
Supply Voltage Scaling :
 Static Voltage Scaling
• Device Feature Size Scaling
• Architectural Level Scaling
• Optimum Transistor Sizing
 Multilevel Voltage Scaling
• Voltage Island
 Dynamic Voltage & Frequency Scaling
 Adaptive Voltage Scaling
Minimizing Switching Capacitance :
 H/W S/W Tradeoff
 Bus Encoding
• Gray Coding
• One Hot
Coding
 Clock Gating
 Use of
Number
System
• 2’s
compliment
VS Sign
Minimizing Leakage :
 Variable VT CMOS
 Multiple VT CMOS
 Power Gating
 Dual Subthreshold Supply

Fabrication of Multi Threshold Voltage :


 Multiple Channel Doping
 Multiple Oxide Thickness
 Multiple Channel Length
 Multiple Body Bias
2
Pdynamic α Vdd

•P dynamic decreases as Vdd reduces

 But Delay also increases as Vdd reduces.


 And we don’t want delay so we have to do something to reduce
Delay
Low Power Design
• Source of power disspation
• P = P switching + P short-circuit + P leakage + P static
– Definitions:
• Switching power P = CV2fα
• Short circuit power P = IscV
• Leakage power
P = IleakageV
• Static power
• α : switching activity factor
P = IstaticV

– Low power design would look at the trade-offs of the


above issues
Why Worry About
Power?
• Portable devices:
– Handhelds, laptops, phones, MP3 players, cameras, … all
need to run for extended periods on small batteries without
recharging
– Devices that need regular recharging or large heavy
batteries will lose out to those that don’t.
• Power consumption important even in “tethered” devices
– System cost tracks power consumption:
• Power supplies, distribution, heat removal
– Power conservation, environmental concerns
• In 10 years, have gone from minimal consideration of power
consumption to (designing with power consumption as a
primary design constraint!
Batte
ry
Portable consumer electronics powered
by battery
 Battery is heavy and big
 Energy density barely doubles in several years
Safety concern: the energy density
is approaching that of explosive chemicals

The battery technology alone will not solve the low power problem
Basics
• Power supply provides energy for charging and discharging wires and
transistor gates. The energy supplied is stored & then dissipated as heat.
P  dw / Power: Rate of work being done w.r.t
time Rate of energy being
dt used
P  E t
Unit:
• If a differential amount of charge Watts
dq is given = Joules/seconds
a differential increase in
energy dw, the potential of the charge is increased by:
• By definition of current: I  dq / V  dw /
dwdt dq dq
dw / dt   PV A very practical
formulation!
I
t dq dt
w  Total energy

Pdt

Basics
• Warning! In everyday language, the term
“power” is used incorrectly in place of
“energy”
• Power is not energy
• Power is not something you can run out of
• Power can not be lost or used up
• It is not a thing, it is merely a rate
• It can not be put into a battery any more than
velocity can be put in the gas tank of a car
This is how electric tea pots work ...

Heats 1 gram of
water
0.24 degree C
0.24 Calories per

1 Second 1 Joule
A of Heat
Energy per Second
+
1
-
V 1 Ohm
Resistor
20 W rating: Maximum
power the package is able
to transfer to the air.
Exceed rating and resistor
burns.
Cooling an iPod nano ...
Like a resistor, iPod relies on
passive transfer of heat from
case to the air

Why? Users don’t


want fans in their
pocket ...

To stay “cool to the touch” via passive


cooling, power budget of 5 W
If iPod nano used 5W all the time, its battery would last 15
minutes ...
Powering an iPod nano (2005 edition)
Battery has 1.2 W-hour rating:
Can supply
1.2 W of power for 1 hour

1.2 W / 5 W = 15 minutes

More W-hours require bigger


battery and thus bigger “form
factor” --
it wouldn’t be “nano” anymore!

Real specs for iPod


nano : 14 hours for
music,
4 hours for slide
shows

85 mW for music
300 mW for
How Do We Measure and Compare
Power Consumption?
• One popular metric for microprocessors is: MIPS/watt
– MIPS, millions of instructions per second
• Typical modern value?
– Watt, standard unit of power consumption
• Typical value for modern processor?
– MIPS/watt reflects tradeoff between performance and power
– Increasing performance requires increasing power
– Problem with “MIPS/watt”
• MIPS/watt values are typically not independent of MIPS
– Techniques exist to achieve very high MIPS/watt values, but at very low
absolute MIPS (used in watches)
• Metric only relevant for comparing processors with a similar performance
– One solution, MIPS2/watt. Puts more weight on performance
Metrics
• How does MIPS/watt relate to energy?
• Average power consumption = energy / time

– MIPS/watt = instructions/sec / joules/sec =


instructions/joule

– Equivalent metric (reciprocal) is per


energy (E/op) operation

• E/op is more general - applies to more that processors


– also, usually more relevant, as batteries life is limited by
total energy draw
– This metric gives us a measure to use to
compare two alternative implementations of a particular
function
Thank You

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