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MODULE 2 Heredity Inheritance and Variation

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11 views

MODULE 2 Heredity Inheritance and Variation

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ab1719283
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Genetics?

• Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in


which a parent passes certain genes onto their
children.”
• Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are
passed on from generation to generation.
• Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are
made up of DNA.
• Genetic material (genes, chromosomes, DNA) is
found inside the nucleus of a cell.
• Gregor Mendel is the “Father of Genetics"
HEREDITY:
MODULE 2:

INHERITANCE
AND
VARIATION
MS. RHEA CRHISTINE A. JOVEN
Lesson 1:

GENE
LOCATION
Importance of Genetics in
Human Life
Genetics helps to explain:
• What makes you unique, or one of a kind
• Why family members look alike
• Why some diseases like diabetes or cancer run in
families
• How learning your family health history can help you
stay healthy
• Why you should bring your family health history to
your healthcare provider
Importance of Genetics in
Human Life
Applications of Genetics
• Blood Typing
• Medicine
• Agriculture
• Forensic Science
• Industrial Biotechnology
DNA
• Makes up genes for all living
things
• DNA is called the blueprint of
life
• DNA contains the instructions
for making proteins within the
cell.
• Most DNA is located in the
nucleus
DNA STRUCTURE

• DOUBLE HELIX
STRUCTURE
• - A DNA molecule is made
up of two linked strands
that wind around each
other to resemble a twisted
ladder in a helix-like
shape.
DNA STRUCTURE

• COMPONENT MOLECULES
• - DNA is a polymer
composed of repeating
subunits called
nucleotides.
• The backbone of DNA
molecule is composed of
alternation sugar and
phosphate groups.
NUCLEOTIDE

• composed of three types


of component molecule:
1. phosphate group
2. sugar deoxyribose
3. bases (adenine, thymine,
cytosine, guanine)
NUCLEOTIDE

Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base

Sugar
PHOSPHATE GROUP

Phosphate Group

A phosphate backbone is the


portion of the DNA double
helix that provides structural
support to the molecule.
SUGAR

In DNA the name of the sugar


is Deoxyribose which is part
of DNA's name

deoxyribose
NITROGEN BASES

Nitrogen Base
NITROGEN BASES

Four bases are:


1. Thymine (T)
2. Adenine (A)
3. Guanine (G)
4. Cytosine (C)
NITROGEN BASES

Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G)


GENE

• Gene is the genetic carrier of traits that passed


on from parents to offspring.
• Gene is also considered as basic unit of heredity
and made up of DNA.
• Approximately there are 3000 genes that are
organized into chromosomes.
GENE
CHROMOSOME
• Chromosomes come in matched (homologous)
pairs in an organism
• For both genes and chromosomes, one member of
the pair comes from the mother and one from the
father.
• It is a thread-like structure found in the nuclei of
both animal and plant cells.
• Chromosomes are carrier of hereditary traits
located inside the nucleus of a cell.
CHROMOSOME
• DNA molecule is packaged
into thread-like structures
called chromosomes.
• Each chromosome is made
up of DNA tightly coiled
many around proteins
called histones that
support its structure.
CHROMOSOME
• Each chromosome has a
constriction point called the
centromere, which divides the
chromosome into two part, or
“arms.”
• The short arm of the
chromosome is labeled the “p
arm.” The long arm of the
chromosome is labeled the “q
CHROMOSOME

• Sister chromatids are


fastened together by small
structure called
centromere.
• Sister chromatid is one of
two attached members of
duplicated eukaryotic
chromosomes.
CHROMOSOME
• The location of the centromere
on each chromosome gives
the chromosome its
characteristic shape and
can be used to help describe
the location of specific genes.
• Gene locus/loci (plural) is
the location or fixed position
of gene, the genetic marker.
ACTIVITY
TIME!
Activity no. 2
Direction:
I. Using the graphic organizer, fill in the information
needed to complete the entire concept.
Activity no. 2
Terminologies
• Genetics is a branch of Biology concerned with the
study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in
orgnsim.
• Inheritance is a process by which genetic
information is passed on from parents to child.
• Variation any difference between cells, individual
organisms or groups of organisms of any species.
• Gene is a unit of heredity, a section of DNA that
codes for a specific trait.
Genotype vs. Phenotype

• Genotype is the genetic


makeup of organism.
• Phenotype is a physical
feature or trait of an
organism.
Genotype vs. Phenotype

Example: Rose Flower

Genotype: ,
Phenotype: red, white
Genotype vs. Phenotype

Example: Cow

Genotype: ,
Phenotype: brown, white
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

• Homozygous means
having two identical
alleles of a particular
gene
• Heterozygous means
having two different
alleles of a particular
gene.
Dominant vs. Recessive
• Dominant Trait is an inherited characteristic that
appears in an offspring if it is contributed from a parent
through a dominant allele.
• Recessive Trait is a trait that is expressed when an
organism has two recessive alleles, or forms of a gene
Punnet Square

• Punnett Square is a
graphical representation of
the possible genotypes of an
offspring arising from a
particular cross or breeding
event.
Gregor Mendel

• Father of Genetics
• He studied the inheritance of
seven different features in peas
• His principle form the base for the
understanding of heredity and
variation.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance

• This is a type of inheritance wherein the patterns of


phenotypes does not coincide with those that was
presented in the Mendelian Law of Inheritance.
• Types of Non-Mendelian Inheritance
1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Codominance
3. Multiple Alleles
4. Sex-linked Inheritance
INCOMPLET
E
Lesson 2:

DOMINANC
E
Incomplete Dominance
• It is a form of
intermediate inheritance
in which one allele does
not completely dominate
another allele, resulting
in a new phenotype.
• Example: Snapdragon
Flower
Incomplete Dominance
Example: Snapdragon flowers (red X white)
Genotype: RR, WW
Punnett square:

R R Genotype:
100% RW
W RW RW
Phenotype:
W RW RW 100% pink flower
Incomplete Dominance
• RR would represent individuals that have two alleles
for red flower color –a homozygous genotype.
• WW would represent individuals that have two alleles
for white flower color –a homozygous genotype.
• RW would represent individuals that have one allele
for red flower color and one allele for white flower
color – the heterozygous genotype
Lesson 3:

CODOMINANCE
Codominance
• Both alleles are expressed equally in the
phenotype of the heterozygote. It means one allele
is not dominant over the other.

X =

Red rose x White rose = red & white rose


Complete Dominance
Example: Rose flower (red X white)
Genotype: RR, WW
Genotype:
100% RW
R
Phenotype:
W RW 100% red & white
flower
W RW RW
INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE OR
CODOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
CODOMINANCE
CODOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

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