top-down processes ANIMATED
top-down processes ANIMATED
Presented by
Adithya Pradeep
S1 MSc psychology
top-down processes
• The top-down process in perception refers to how our brain uses prior
knowledge, experience, expectations, and context to interpret sensory
information.
• also known as theory driven or context driven
A c
• processes
In contrast. bottom -up process involves combining
small pieces of information from environment to
create
• TOP understanding
DOWN PROCESSESor CAN
comprehending
CAUSE sensory info.
BIASES,OVERGENERALIZATIONS OR MISSING
• UNEXPECTED INFORMATION
Bottom up process are time consuming, lower
pattern recognition, lower contextual
• understanding
Top-down processes,general
mustinability
interacttowith
see the
bigger picture
bottom-up processes; otherwise, you'd only
perceive what you expect and never recognize
marr’s
Computati
onal
theory
• A theory integrating both top down and bottom up processes
• Proposed by David marr in 1984,called computational
because its defined with enough detail to give a computer
• simulation.
According to this theory visual perception happens in 3
stages
Primal sketch-2d
• the intensity of light is measured at each point in the retinal
image.
• Then areas that could potentially correspond to the edges
and texture of objects are identified.
1. Relatively large changes in intensity produced by the edge of an object.
2. Smaller changes in intensity caused by the parts and texture of an object.
3. Still smaller changes in intensity due to random fluctuations in the light reflecte
2½ D SKETCH
• representation of the visual world that incorporates
information about the depth and orientation of surfaces
relative to the viewer.
• CALLED 2.5 D AS ITS HIGHLY viewer-CENTRIC ONLY
providing a subjective perspective of the world.
• Marr believed that both the primal sketch and the 21 ⁄2-D
sketch rely almost exclusively on bottom-up processes
3D SKETCH
• This sketch involves both recognition of what the objects are
and understanding of the “meaning” of the visual scene
• object-centred description ,at this stage object descriptions
are produced that allow the object to be recognized from
any angle (i.e. independent of the viewpoint of the
• TOP -DOWN PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN THIS STAGE ,AS
observer).
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND EXPECTATION INFLUENCE
PERCEPTION
marr’s Computational theory
PRIMAL 2.5 D 3D
SKETCH SKETCH SKETCH
• LIGHT • VIEWER • OBJECT
INTENSITIE CENTERED CENTRED
S • DEPTH • PROVIDE
• BOUNDARI AND MEANING
ES AND SURFACE • TOP-DOWN
EDGES • BOTTOM -
• BOTTOM- UP
UP
• After going through
the deck, participants
were shown the
GIBSON & original card again
PERCEPTUAL
GIBSON for 5 seconds.
• The deck was
LEARNING reshuffled, and
EXPERIMENT
CHANGES IN PERCEPTION
DUE TO PRACTICE OR
participants repeated
the task until they
• EXPERIENCE correctly identified all
Participants (children • four
Participants
original tended
copies.
and adults) were DIREC to confuse cards with
shown an original TION the same number of
card for 5 seconds. NO OF coils and orientation
• They were then
COILS as the original more
shown a deck of
cards with several often than cards that
similar cards mixed only shared the
• Over repeated trials,
in, including four ORIGINAL CARD number of coils.
participants began
exact copies of the noticing finer details
• They were ASKED TO
original.
FIND THE ORGINAL about the figures,
CARD[S] AND NO showing perceptual
FEEDBACKS WERE learning similar to
GIVEN TO THEM everyday
Word superiority effect
• Letters are easier to recognize when they're part of a
familiar word than when they're in an unfamiliar
• context or alone.
It's unclear whether people notice more features of a
letter in a word or simply guess the letter based on
the word.
• Reicher (1969) CONDUCTED STUDY ON WORD
WOK
OW
• SUPERIORITY EFFECT
Letter detection works differently in certain contexts.
When asked to cross out a specific letter (like "f")
while reading, people often miss it in common words
like "of" or "for" but easily spot it in words like
"function" or "future." This is called the missing
letter effect. Readers focus more on less familiar
content words and tend to overlook letters in highly
NAVON PARADIGM
However,
When wethis lookeffect
at a big
might
letter
change
(GLOBALdepending
LETTER) onmade
factors
up like
of
smaller
how bigletters
or small (LOCAL
the letters
LETTER)are,(like
howafar bigaway
"S" made
they are,
of small
and
how
"H"s),
clear
wethe
tenddetails
to seeare.
theWhen
big "S"
the first LOCAL
global
before LETTER
andnoticing
local letters
the
individual
are incongruent
"H"s. This (e.g.,
is called
a largethe
"H""global
madeprecedence
up of smallereffect."
"W"
letters),
It meansidentifying
our brains theperceive
local letter
the whole
becomes picture
more(the
difficult.
big
letter)
This
before
suggests
the smaller
that thedetails
global(the
levelindividual
of processing
letters).
canThis
interfere
shows that withwethe
don't
perception
just add ofuplocal
the parts
details.
to THIS
see the
EFFECT
whole; IS
GLOBAL LETTER
CALLED
instead,Hierarchical
we see the interference
whole first
EFFECT OF
CONTEXT
When we see things, our brain doesn't just process the
image in isolation. It also considers the surrounding
context (like the place or situation) to help us understand
what we're seeing
ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS THAT Adding repetitive elements
can MAKE A PARTICULAR NON REPETITIVE FEATURE, more
NOTICABLE.
CONFIGURAL
•
•
SUPERIORITY
Also known EFFECT
as The object superiority effect
It states that we recognize parts of objects
better when they're part of a larger whole.
• For example, we can identify letters more easily when
they're in words.
summary
• top-down processes in perception, where the brain uses prior
knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret sensory
information. This contrasts with bottom-up processes, which
build understanding from environmental details
• Marr’s Computational Theory: Marr proposed that visual
perception happens in stages:
• Primal Sketch: Basic analysis of light intensity at different
points in the image to detect edges and textures.
• 2.5D Sketch: Viewer-centric representation, incorporating
depth and surface orientation.
• 3D Sketch: Object-centered, allowing recognition of objects
from different angles, influenced by top-down processes.
• perceptual LEARNING refers to changes in
perception due to experience. An experiment by
Gibson & Gibson shows that repeated exposure
improves recognition of finer details over time.
• WORDS SUPERIORITY EFFECT SHOWS THAT Letters
are easier to recognize when they are part of familiar
words than when they are isolated. This effect is tied to
the context provided by the word as a whole.
• Navon Paradigm: This effect demonstrates global
precedence in perception, where larger, global
patterns (e.g., a large letter made of smaller
ones) are recognized before smaller details.
• Context helps in better understanding visual
information.
• The configural superiority effect shows that parts