Wireless Networks

(CS-6311)

Duplexing Techniques

Lecture# 04

Dr. Shahzad Ashraf

Associate Professor
Duplexing Techniques
• Duplexing is the name for specific capability to permit simultaneous
bidirectional data transport over a single communication channel or
medium.
• It enables how to divided the spectrum between the same users for
transmission and receiving.
• Duplex channel consists of two simplex channels (forward and reverse) and a
device called a duplexer is used inside each subscriber unit and base
station to allow simultaneous bidirectional radio transmission and
reception for both the subscriber unit and the base station on the duplex
channel pair.
• The frequency separation between each forward and reverse channel is
constant throughout the system, regardless of the particular channel being
used.
• For a full duplex channel, the uplink and downlinking, the signal process
using Frequency or Time domain.
Duplexing Techniques
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
• In FDD, there are different frequency band allocation for uplinking and the
downlink signal.
• FDD is geared toward radio communications systems that allocate individual
radio frequencies for each user because each transceiver simultaneously
transmits and receives radio signals which can vary by more than 100 dB, the
frequency allocation used for the forward and reverse channels must be carefully
coordinated within its own system and with out-of-band users that occupy
spectrum between these two bands.
• Furthermore, the frequency separation must be coordinated to permit the use of
inexpensive RF and oscillator technology.
• It uses 900 MHz, 1800MHz and 800MHz frequency spectrums.
• This technique is presently being used in GSM networks.
Duplexing Techniques
Time division duplexing (TDD)
• The multiple users share a single channel by taking turns in the time domain.
• Same channel is used for both transmitting and receiving data from MS to BS and
known as uplinking and downlinkng.
• Individual users are allowed to access the channel in assigned time slots, and each
duplex channel has both a forward time slot and a reverse time slot.
• If the time separation between the forward and reverse time slot is small, the
transmission and reception of data appears simultaneous to the users at both the
subscriber unit and on the base station side.
• TDD enables each transceiver to operate as either a transmitter or receiver on the
same frequency, and eliminates the need for separate forward and reverse
frequency bands therefore it is more spectral efficient.
Duplexing Techniques
Time division duplexing (TDD)
• However, there is a time latency created by TDD due to the fact that
communications are not full duplex in the truest sense, and this latency creates
inherent sensitivities to propagation delays of individual users.
• Because of the rigid timing required for time slotting, TDD generally is limited
to cordless phone or short range portable access.
• TDD is effective for fixed wireless access when all users are stationary so that
propagation delays do not vary in time among the users.
• It uses 23MHz frequency spectrum with band 40.
Multiple Access Techniques
Narrowband Systems:
o It is used to relate the bandwidth of a single channel to the expected
coherence bandwidth of the channel and spectrum is divided into a large
number of narrowband channels.
o Channels are operated using FDD and to minimize interference between
forward and reverse links on each channel, the frequency separation is
made as great as possible within the frequency spectrum, while still
allowing inexpensive duplexers and a common transceiver antenna to be
used in each subscriber unit.
o In narrowband FDMA, a user is assigned a particular channel which is not
shared by other users in the vicinity.
o Narrowband TDMA, on the other hand, allows users to share the same
radio channel but allocates a unique time slot to each user in a cyclical
fashion on the channel, thus separating a small number of users in time on a
single channel.
Multiple Access Techniques
Wideband Systems:
o Transmission bandwidth of a single channel is much larger than the
coherence bandwidth of the channel.
o Large number of transmitters are allowed to transmit on the same
channel.
o TDMA allocates time slots to the many transmitters on the same
channel and allows only one transmitter to access the channel at any
instant of time.
o Whereas spread spectrum CDMA allows all of the transmitters to access
the channel at the same time.
o TDMA and CDMA systems may use either FDD or TDD multiplexing
techniques.
Multiple Access Techniques
• Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of mobile
users to share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient manner.
• Due to confine spectrum, the sharing becomes inescapable to increase
the capacity of cell by allowing the available bandwidth to be used at the
same time by different users and consequently this must be done in such
a way that quality of service doesn't degrade.
• In wireless system, it is often required to allow the subscriber to send
simultaneously information to the base station while receiving
information from the base station.
• The main objective in the cellular system design is to be able to increase
the capacity of the channel.
• There are several different ways to allow access to the channel.
• For local telephony system, it is possible to talk and listen
simultaneously, and this effect, called duplexing.
Multiple Access Techniques
• Three major access techniques used to share the available bandwidth in a
wireless communication system.
• These techniques can be grouped as Narrowband and Wideband systems,
depending upon how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users.

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA),

Time division multiple access (TDMA),

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Multiple Access Techniques
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
o Assigns individual channels to individual users therefore, each user has a
private frequency.
o During the period of the call, no other user can share the same channel.
o The users are assigned a channel as a pair of frequencies; one frequency is used
for the forward channel, while the other frequency is used for the reverse
channel.
o Guard bands are maintained between adjacent signal spectra to minimize cross
talk between channels.
o The FDMA channel carries only one phone circuit at a time.
o If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle and cannot be used by other
users to increase or share capacity resulting, a wasted resource.
Multiple Access Techniques
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
o The bandwidths of FDMA channels are relatively narrow (30 kHz in AMPS) as
each channel supports only one circuit per carrier. That is, FDMA is usually
implemented in narrowband systems.
o The symbol time (refers to the duration of one symbol in the signal) of a narrowband
signal is large as compared to the average delay spread.
o This implies that the amount of intersymbol interference is low and, thus, little
or no equalization is required in FDMA narrowband systems.
o The complexity of FDMA mobile systems is lower when compared to TDMA.
o Since FDMA is a continuous transmission scheme, fewer bits are needed for
overhead purposes (such as synchronization and framing bits).
o FDMA systems have higher cell site system costs as compared to TDMA
systems, because of the single channel per carrier design, and the need to use
costly bandpass filters to eliminate spurious radiation at the base station.
Multiple Access Techniques
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
o It bears Nonlinear Effect.
--many channels share the same antenna at the base station.
--power amplifiers when operate near the saturation for maximum
power efficiency becomes nonlinear.
--the nonlinearities cause signal spreading in the frequency
domain and generate intermodulation (IM) frequencies.
--this IM is undesired RF radiation which can interfere with other
channels.
--further, this Intermodulation is the generation of undesirable
harmonics.
--the harmonics generated outside the mobile radio band cause
interference to adjacent services, while those present inside the
band cause interference to other users in the wireless system.

The first US analog cellular system, the Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS), is based on FDMA/FDD.
Multiple Access Techniques
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
o It is a digital modulation technique that enables multiple users to share the same
frequency by dividing each cellular channel into different time slots.
o TDMA is an application of TDM.
o Access to full length frequency of channel.
o Users transmit in rapid succession, each using their own time slot. This
shuttling process is so fast each user thinks they occupy the same RF channel at
the same time.
o By allocating a discrete amount of bandwidth to each user, TDMA increases the
amount of data that can be carried over the channel, while enabling
simultaneous conversations.
Multiple Access Techniques
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Disadvantages
o A guard interval must be added between adjacent TDMA slots to reduce
interference between transmissions and prevent overlapping transmissions.
o This short time interval requires extra time and energy, which can be a critical
limiting factor for cellular networks operating on limited energy.
o All users are assigned nonoverlapping time slots to use the channel turn by turn.
this avoids intersymbol interference.
o The guard band of unused frequencies is not required between adjacent
channels.
o Transmission is noncontinuous
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
o It is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single
transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth.
o The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular phone systems
in the 800 MHz and 1.9 gigahertz GHz bands.
o It accommodate any of several protocols used in 2G and 3G system.
o Narrowband signal is multiplied by a very large bandwidth signal.
o It employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread
spectrum technology.
o The spreading signal is a pseudo- noise code sequence that has a chip rate
which is orders of magnitudes greater than the data rate of the signal.
o Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
o The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a
defined pattern code.
o This enables the signal to be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency
response is programmed with the same code, following along with the
transmitter frequency.
o There are trillions of possible frequency sequencing codes, which enhances
privacy and makes cloning difficult.
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
o In fact CDMA use a unique code to encode every call's data and then transmit
all those calls at once.
o On the other end, the receivers divide the combined signal into their individual
calls before channeling them to the intended recipient.
o CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide.
o All users use the same carrier frequency and may transmit simultaneously.
o Each user has its own pseudorandom codeword which is approximately
orthogonal to all other codewords.
o The receiver performs a time correlation operation to detect only the specific
desired codeword.
o All other code words appear as noise due to de-correlation.
o For detection of the signal, the receiver needs to know the codeword used by
the transmitter.
o Each user operates independently with no knowledge of the other users.
o CDMA prevents N-F effect to occur by providing receivers that resist to the N-F
effect; and use tight power control schemes too.
o CDMA uses soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes
from one cell to another.
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Multiple Access Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

• It is a modified form of FDMA where a single information stream is split

among several closely spaced narrowband subchannel frequencies
instead of a single Wideband channel frequency.
• It is mostly used in wireless data transmission but may be employed in
wired and fiber optic communication as well.
• In a traditional single-channel modulation scheme, each data bit is sent
serially or sequentially one after another but in OFDM, several bits can
be sent in parallel, or at the same time, in separate substream channels.
• This enables each substream's data rate to be lower than would be
required by a single stream of similar bandwidth.
• This makes the system less susceptible to interference and enables more
efficient data bandwidth.
Multiple Access Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
 Multiple Access Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

Comparison

FDMA
Multiple Access Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

Interference avoidance
Multiple Access Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

Interference avoidance mechanism

• Why does these signals are orthogonal to each other? Lets focus on
main signal.
• When the signal reaches its peak, the highest point, the neighboring
signals (i.e Pink, Yellow) are at their zero pint
• Same is true for Pink and Yellow signal.
• Now, orthogonal refers to the signal that multiplexed in a way that the
peak of one signal occurs at null of the other signal
Multiple Access Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

At receiving end, the demultiplexer would separate them based on this

orthogonal feature.
The End