CHAPTER 9:

SECTION 2: IDEAL
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

• What is Stoichiometry?
• What relationship takes you from moles to grams?
• What relationship takes you from moles to liters?
• What relationship takes you from moles to molecules?
• How is the mole ratio and a balanced equation related?
CHEMICAL EQQUATION
BALANCE EQUATION
 KEYS TO STOICHIOMETRY

• Stoichiometry is the part of chemistry that applies the balanced chemical

equation to determine the quantities of reactants and products.
 INTERPRETING BAL ANCED EQUATIONS

• Always compare compounds in terms of moles because the

ratio of moles is the same as the ratio of atoms.
• One mole of methane per two moles of oxygen is the same
as one molecule of methane per two molecules of oxygen.
• It is not the same as one gram of methane per to two grams
of oxygen.
• Methane (CH4) and oxygen (O2) have different molar masses.
 MOLE RATIOS

• A mole ratio gives the relationship between any two compounds in

a balanced chemical equation.
 SOLVED PROBLEM

Give two mole ratios that relate aluminum metal, Al, with
chlorine gas, Cl2 in the reaction, 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) →
2AlCl3(s).
Asked Give two mole ratios involving Al and Cl2.

Given 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3(s)

Answer
 MOLE-TO -MOLE PROBLEMS WITH MOLE
RATIOS
• One way mole ratios are used is to calculate the amounts of products
from a given amount of reactant.
• The example below applies the mole ratio to find the amount of CO 2
produced from combustion of 20 moles of propane.
 MOLE-TO -MOLE PROBLEMS WITH MOLE
RATIOS
• A second common use of mole ratios is to calculate the amount of
reactants needed to completely react with a given quantity of
another reactant.
• For example, it takes 235 moles of oxygen, O2, to completely react
with 47 moles of propane, C3H8.
 SOLVED PROBLEM

Hematite, Fe2O3, has the same chemical composition as

rust. It is produced from an synthesis reaction, 4Fe(s) +
3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
Once the iron has rusted, it is exposed to high pressures
within the earth and becomes hematite. How many moles
of hematite, Fe2O3ofcan
Asked Moles be produced
hematite, from
Fe2O3 that 100.0
can be moles
produced of
from
oxygen gas? 100.0 moles of oxygen gas
Given 100.0 moles of O2
Relationship
s
Solve 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

= 66.66667
66.67 moles Fe2O3
66.67 moles of Fe2O3 are formed from 100.0 moles of
Answer O2 .
 CALCUL ATING QUANTITIES IN GRAMS
• To calculate
chemistry problems
we use the
following three
steps:
1. Use the molar
masses of
compounds to
convert
quantities from
grams to moles.
2. Calculate
reaction
quantities in
moles.
3. Convert
calculated
reaction
quantities in
moles back to
 CALCUL ATING QUANTITIES IN GRAMS

• You can do the grams-to-moles-to-grams calculation

in a single line.
• This is similar to using multiple conversion factors
in dimensional analysis.
• The key is using the units of each ratio to choose
which value goes in the numerator and which in the
denominator.
• All units should cancel except for the one you want.
 SOLVING GRAM-TO - GRAM PROBLEMS
• Many stoichiometric problems follow the pattern of grams-to-moles-
to-grams.
 SOLVED PROBLEM
When pentane in gasoline is burned the products are
carbon dioxide and water. How much of the greenhouse
gas, CO2, is produced when 156.74g of pentane are
burned?
C5H12(l) + 8O2(g) → 6H2O(g) + 5CO2(g)
Asked How many grams of CO2 are produced?
Given 156.74g of pentane
Relationsh
ips
Solve

Answer 156.74 grams of C5H12 produce 478.04 grams of CO2.

 CALCUL ATING VOLUMETRIC QUANTITIES

• When a reaction
involves gases it is
often convenient to
work with volumes
instead of grams.
• Volume can be related
to moles at standard
temperature and
pressure (STP) using
the Standard Molar
Volume, of 22.4 L per
mole.
• The calculation
method is similar to
the one we used for
grams except it goes
from volume to moles
and back to volume.
 GRAMS TO PARTICLES

• To calculate the number of molecules, ions, or atoms Avogadro's

number, 6.02 × 1023 is used.
 SOLVED PROBLEM

Silver is produced when iron reacts with silver nitrate.

How many atoms of silver are produced by 275.0 g of
Fe(s)?
Fe(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq)→ Fe(NO3)2 (s) + 2Ag(s)

Asked How many atoms of Ag are formed?

Given 275.0 g of Fe
Relationsh Fe: 55.845 g/mol, Fe(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)→ Fe(NO3)2(s) +
ips 2Ag(s)
Solve

5.93 x 1024 atoms of Ag are produced from 275.0 g of

Answer Fe.
 SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH MIXED UNITS

• Stoichiometry knowledge is required to solve problems caused by

everyday chemistry in unique situations
 SOLVED PROBLEM
How many grams of LiOH does it take to absorb CO2 from
3 people over 72 hours at STP? Each person exhales 36 L
of CO 2 per hour.
Asked How many grams of LiOH are needed?
Given 36 liters of CO2 per hour, per person, 3 people, 72 hours
Relationsh 2LiOH(s) + CO2(g)→ Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l), 22.4 L/mol
ips
Solve Calculate the total liters of CO2 produced by the three
person crew.
= 2,592 L CO2 x 3 people = 7,776
L CO2
Calculate the total moles of CO2 produced
= 347.1 mol CO2

Use the mole ratio to calculate the total moles of LiOH

required

Answer = = 694.2 mol LiOH

 COMPLETION PROBLEMS

• Balanced equations are often not given and they have to be

derived from context of the problem.
• The next problem has many clues that will help you balance the
equation.
• Look for key words such as reacted, produced, makes and yields.
These help you identify the reactants and products.
• Other key phrases such as "decomposes to form" or "undergoes
combustion" indicate the type of reaction.
 SOLVED PROBLEM

What mass of solid sodium chloride is formed from the

synthesis of excess solid sodium and 56.98 L of chlorine
gas at STP?How many grams of sodium chloride are created?
Asked
Given 56.98 L of chlorine gas at STP
Solve Start by writing the equation...
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
... and then balance it:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
Next, use the balanced equation in a stoichiometry
problem.

= 297.32876 297.3 g NaCl

Answer 56.98 L of chlorine gas produce 297.3 g of sodium

chloride.
 MISSING REACTANTS

• Sometimes reactants or products aren't mentioned.

• In a statement like, "calcium oxide is produced from the
decomposition of calcium carbonate," carbon is not mentioned on
the product side of the reaction but it must be there.
CaCO3 → CaO
• Look for common substances. In this case, one carbon and two
oxygens are needed on the product side. Carbon dioxide is a
common substance and completes the reaction.
CaCO3 → CaO+ CO2
 SOLVED PROBLEM
How many grams of silver chloride are produced when
135.23 g of silver nitrate react with excess calcium
chloride?
Asked How many grams of silver chloride are produced?
Given 135.23 g of silver nitrate
Solve Write the reaction...
AgNO3 + CaCl2 AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
... and balance it:
2AgNO3 + CaCl2 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Use the balanced reaction in a stoichiometry problem.

= 114.093794 114.09 g AgCl

135.23 g of silver nitrate produce 114.09 g of silver

Answer chloride.
 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What is Stoichiometry?
 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What is Stoichiometry?
• Stoichiometry is the use of a balanced reaction to calculate an amount of
product or reactant based on a quantity of any substance in a reaction.
 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What relationship takes you from moles to grams?

 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What relationship takes you from moles to grams?

• The molar mass, the grams per 1 mole.
 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What relationship takes you from moles to liters?

 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What relationship takes you from moles to liters?

• The standard molar volume, 22.4 L per 1 mole.
 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What relationship takes you from moles to molecules?

 POST-ASSESSMENT

• What relationship takes you from moles to molecules?

• Avogadro’s number, 6.022 x 1023 molecules per 1 mole.
 POST-ASSESSMENT

• How is the mole ratio and a balanced equation related?

 POST-ASSESSMENT

• How is the mole ratio and a balanced equation related?

• The mole ratio is determined by the coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation.