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Lesson 11 - GL

Uploaded by

Danilagid
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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G E N E RA L

LINGUISTICS

1-2023
Language
s in
contact:
Today’s • Lingua
Lesson franca
• Pidgin
• Creoles
• Code-
W H AT H A P P E N S W H E N 2 O R
MORE L ANGUAGES ARE IN
C O N TA C T ?
Pidgin

Form of language that has


typically evolved using simplified
grammar and structures from an
external language combined with
features of local languages.
Pidgins are born out of the need
for people to communicate
without speaking a common
language.
Creole

A language that has evolved from


contact between a European language
(e.g., French, English, or Portuguese) and
a local language (or a variety of local
languages).
Most creoles emerged during the slave
trade and are most commonly
associated with the West Indies and
Africa. There are also many English-
based creoles in South and Southeast
Asia.
Examples of creole

Some common examples of


Creoles include:
1. Haitian creole - French-based
2. Jamaican Patois - English-
based
3. Reunionese - French-based
• Generally have limited vocabulary.
• Simplified grammar.
• Use many onomatopoeias (words that sound
like the thing they are referring to, e.g.,
'bang', 'slap', 'woosh', 'sizzle’).
• Consonant clusters often get simplified (e.g.,
instead of pronouncing all the sounds in the
Characteristics phrase 'best player', the pidgin pronunciation
might be 'bes player' where the /t/ is dropped
of Pidgins from the ‘-st' consonant cluster).
• Not typically a native language of any country,
but spoken as a second language.
• Commonly seen as being low prestige
language varieties.
• Simplified sentence and phrase structures.
• Linguistic characteristics such as gender and
number (singular and plural forms) are often
non-existent.
Characteristics of Creoles

• Fully developed grammar


• Extensive vocabulary
• Full, native languages that have derived from
pidgins
• Most commonly viewed as vernacular languages,
although in countries where they are widely
used, they are viewed as having higher prestige.
• Most creoles are born of contact between
European and native languages, and creoles
might include some words and structures from
European languages (such as French and
Portuguese).
Some facts

• Chavacano is the world's oldest creole


language and is a Spanish-based creole
used in the Philippines. It is estimated
that Chavacano is over 400 years old!
• Linguists have identified at least six
Spanish creole varieties in the
Philippines.
• Haitian Creole is the most widely spoken
creole in the world, with an estimated
10-12 million speakers!
Difference between
pidgin and creole

• Pidgins are not spoken as a native language by


any country, whereas many countries have
creoles that are native languages.
• Pidgins have very basic grammar, whereas
creoles have much more complex and full
grammar.
• Pidgins tend to have limited vocabularies,
whereas creoles are much more extended.
• Pidgins are considered reduced forms of other
languages, whereas creoles have developed into
fully-fledged languages of their own.
A AV E
African American
Vernacular English (AAVE)

• A dialect spoken predominantly by African


American communities in the USA.
• AAVE's origins date back to the first wave of
British colonisation of America during the
1600s, where British colonisers settled in
Virginia and Maryland, and later Georgia and
the Carolinas.
• The British had enslaved people from different
parts of Africa and brought them to
Jamestown, Virginia from where the settlement
of British colonisers expanded.
AAVE

These enslaved African people came into contact


with servants from Ireland and elsewhere, and
through this contact, learned some English. This
allowed them to communicate with each other
(as the enslaved people might not all have
shared a common language) and allowed the
British colonisers to communicate with them.
The variety of English developed by the enslaved
African people was a pidgin that contained West
African influences as well. As time went on, this
pidgin English evolved to become a creole. From
this, modern day AAVE originated.
L I N G U A F RA N C A
Importance of Lingua
Francas
Lingua francas are important to human
culture because they allow groups that
otherwise could not communicate with
each other the ability to interact, often
for mutual benefit.
This benefit can be economic, cultural,
political, or a combination.
They allow (for better or for worse) the
influence of a dominant culture to
diffuse even where members of the
culture itself are not present.
CODE
S W I TC H I N G
Code Switching
The process of alternating
between one linguistic code and
another. The term was coined by
the American linguist Einar
Haugen.
A linguistic code could be a
language (e.g. French), a dialect
(e.g. Geordie), an accent (e.g.
Received Pronunciation), or a
register (e.g. formal or informal).
Code Switching

• Code-switching is most commonly


used in bilingual or multilingual
communities and involves using
the vocabulary, grammar, and
accents from a number of
languages and dialects.
• When code-switching, individuals
decide which language features
to use based on their social
setting.
Reasons for code-
switching in
language
According to sociolinguist Janet
Holmes (2000), there are several
reasons why people code-switch:
• To create a sense of
belonging
• For successful
communication
• To fill lexical gaps
• To exclude others
• Because it’s natural
ACTIVITY TIME

Go to Canvas and get the handout in module 11


Work in pairs or groups or alone if you hate everyone
prefer it

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