Introduction to Emerging

Technologies

CHAPTER-3
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence

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Chapter 3: Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
After completing this chapter, the students will be able to:
 Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
 Describe the eras of AI.
 Explain the types and approaches of AI.
 Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business and education
 List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in recent years.
 Understand the relationship between the human’s way of thinking and AI systems
 Identify AI research focus areas.
 Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools.
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 3.1. What is Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.
 Artificial –defines "man-made," and

 intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems”

 Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

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 What is AI.....

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and
able to make decisions.
Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire/obtain and apply knowledge.
• Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
• Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).
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 What is AI…
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems.

 Intelligence is composed of:

 Perception
➢ Reasoning
➢ Linguistic Intelligence
➢ Learning
➢ Problem Solving

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 What is AI….
 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
 An agent (e.g., robot) is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and
acts upon that environment through effectors.
 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.

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 What is AI…..
High-profile examples of AI include
autonomous vehicles,  image recognition in photographs,
medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry),  spam filtering,
proving mathematical theorems,  online assistants (such as Siri),

prediction of judicial decisions and targeting  playing games (such as Chess),

 search engines
online advertisements

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 What is AI…..
 The advent of Big Data, driven by the arrival of the internet, smart mobile and social
media has enabled AI algorithms, in particular from Machine Learning and Deep
Learning, to leverage/control Big Data and perform their tasks more optimally.
 Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the machine can learn as it goes
rather than having every action programmed by humans.
 Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research, since the field’s inception/start,
is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience.
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 What is AI…..

 Neural networks are biologically

inspired networks that extract features
from the data in a hierarchical fashion.

 The field of neural networks with

several hidden layers is called deep
learning.
Figure 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning
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(DL)
 3.1.1 Need for Artificial Intelligence
1. To create expert systems that exhibit/show intelligent behavior with the
capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and

applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

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 3.1.2 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate/copy human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence.
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior

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 3.1.3 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To create the AI-first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of:
Reasoning, Problem-solving,

Learning, Perception ,

Language understanding, etc.

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 What comprises AI…..
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software ,Artificial Intelligence
requires the following disciplines:

✓ Mathematics ✓ Sociology ✓ Statistics

✓ Biology ✓ Neurons Study

✓ Psychology ✓ Computer Science

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What comprises AI…..

Figure 3.2 Artificial Intelligence is multidisciplinary 14

 3.1.4.Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
o High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.

o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that
AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
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 Advantages of AI….
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirements.

o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes,
Natural language processing 16
 3.1.5 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are the disadvantages of AI:
o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: AI machines cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only
do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines do not have the feeling so they cannot make any
kind of emotional attachment with humans.
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 Disadvantages of AI…..
 Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people
are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: AI machines cannot tired for the power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

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 3.2. History of AI
The following are some milestones in the history of AI which define the journey
from the AI generation to till date development.

Figure 3.3 History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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 History of AI….
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
o The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine
learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which
he proposed a test. 20
 History of AI….

B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

 The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist".

 The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an
academic field.
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 History of AI….

C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.

o The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
WABOT-1.
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 History of AI….

D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists
dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches.
E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 The year 1980: AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that
emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.

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 History of AI….

F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

 Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high cost but not
efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.

G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

 The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
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 History of AI….
o The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
o The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to
solve complex questions as well as riddles.
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 History of AI….
o The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was
able to provide information to the user as a prediction.

o The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."

o The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
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 3.3. Levels of AI
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket/support, covering everything from
business software (Robotic Process Automation) and domestic appliances to aircraft
autopilots.
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being applied in.
They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans, and their knowledge
base can be updated as new situations and queries arise. E.g. Chatbot's 27
 Levels of AI…
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in a specific
context/situation taking in massive volumes of information which they can use for decision
making.
Cancer diagnosis is one of the applications

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 Levels of AI…
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves and others –
they have a sense of beliefs, intentions/objectives, knowledge, and how their own logic

works.
This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines.
Are expected in few years,

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 Levels of AI…
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
This is the main objective of many scientists working in the field of AI- to
develop a machine with intelligence like humans.
The self-aware systems are not in application to date but not many years
left to discover this avenue/possiblity. This is the stage represented in many
sci-fiction movies that machines are leading humans in intelligence.
These systems have human-like intelligence – the most commonly portrayed /showed AI in
media – however, no such use is in evidence today. 30
 Levels of AI…

Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)

This stage is one mark of the Artificial General Intelligence, the algorithms will
be capable of defeating/ overcoming smartest of the humans in all the domains
Logically, it is difficult for humans to articulate/clear what the capabilities might be, yet we would
hope examples would include solving problems we have failed to so far, such as world hunger and

dangerous environmental change.

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 Levels of AI…
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence/perfection
This is idea of development provided by Artificial super Intelligence leads to a
massive expansion in human capability.
Human augmentation/growth could connect our brains to each other and to a
future successor of the current internet.

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Levels of AI….

Figure 3.4 The seven layers of AI maturity 33

 3.4. Types of AI
 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of the main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally.
 Following is the flow diagram which explains the types of AI.

Figure 3.5 types of Artificial Intelligence (AI) 34

 Types of AI…..
A. Based on Capabilities
1.Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Is able to perform a dedicated /loyal task with intelligence.
 Is the most common and currently available AI in world of AI
 cannot perform beyond its field or limitations.
 can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
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 Types of AI…..
Examples of Narrow AI:
 Apple Siri operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also uses an Expert system approach
combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Google translate, playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
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 Types of AI…..
2. General AI:
 is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and think like a
human on its own.
3. Super AI:
 is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass/exceed human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
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 Types of AI…..
B. Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
 IBM's Deep Blue(chess-playing expert system) system is an example of
reactive machines.
 Google's AlphaGo (computer program that plays game Go) is also an
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example of reactive machines.
 Types of AI…..

2.Limited memory machines

 Can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
 These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars,
speed limits, and other information to navigate the road.

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 Types of AI…..
3.Theory of Mind
 These are the type of robots that are able to use their common sense in interpreting
data and coming up with decisions in real-time.
 AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans and
Still not developed.

4.Self-awareness
 These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
 does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept. 40
 3.4.1. How humans think
How does a human being think?
 Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main stages:
o Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
o Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding environment.
o Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted and
evaluated.

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 3.4.2. Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence
components

 It is possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI.
o In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding
environments through human senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and
touch.
o In AI this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which perceives
information from the surrounding environment.
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 Mapping…
 The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the input data.
 In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer, that is, reasoning
and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired by the sensing layer.
 The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions.
 After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs the necessary
tasks.

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 3.5 Applications of AI
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
1. AI in agriculture
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. Helps in detecting disease in plants, pests and poor nutrition of
farms.
2. AI in Healthcare
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.

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 Applications of AI…

3. AI in education:
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
 AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
4. AI in Finance and E-commerce
The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.

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 Applications of AI…
5. AI in Gaming
 The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to
think of a large number of possible places.
6. AI in Data Security
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as
AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and cyber-attacks in a
better way. 46
 Applications of AI….
7. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of
user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
8. AI in Travel &Transport
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.

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 Applications of AI….
9. AI in the Automotive Industry
➢ Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistants to their use for better
performance.
10. AI in Robotics:
➢with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
11. AI in Entertainment -AI-based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services
such as Netflix or Amazon. 48
 3.6 Simple AI application
I. Commuting/Travelling II. Email III. Social Networking
Pinterest – it is uses computer vision, an application of AI where computers are taught to
“see,” in order to automatically identify objects in images and then recommend visually
similar pinboards.
Instagram - uses machine learning to identify the contextual meaning of emoji, which have
been steadily replacing slang/dialect.
Snapchat - These filters track facial movements, allowing users to add animated effects or
digital masks that adjust when their faces moved. 49
 Simple AI application...
 Recommendations - You see recommendations for products you’re interested in
as “customers who viewed this item also viewed” and “customers who bought this
item also bought”.

IV. Online Shopping:

V. Mobile Use

➢ Voice-to-Text - A standard feature on smartphones today is voice-to-text.

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 Simple AI application…
➢ Smart Personal Assistants - Now that voice-to-text technology is accurate enough to
rely on for basic conversation.
o Siri and Google Now (now succeeded by the more sophisticated Google
Assistant), which could perform internet searches, set reminders, and integrate
with your calendar.
Alexa, an AI-powered personal assistant that accepts voice commands to create to-do
lists, order items online, set reminders, and answer questions (via internet searches) .
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