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MODULE-3

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24 views43 pages

MODULE-3

Uploaded by

Ronel Jake medes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DERIVATIVES

Differential calculus is the concept of the derivative,


which essentially gives us the direction, or rate of
change, of a function at any of its points.
OBJECTIVES

1. Realize the importance of derivative as a fundamental tool of


calculus
2. Have a full understanding and comprehension of the rules of
differentiation and apply such as may be required
3. Utilize differentiation as tools to solve problems regarding
rates of change
4. Contrast the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic
functions
5. Appreciate the intricacies of implicit differentiation and its
importance in solving seemingly unsolvable functions
The Derivative

Suppose we have the function


y = f(x) Equation 1
Which has a fixed value of x
Increment of x

Consider another value of x differing from the first one


by an amount called the increment of x and will be
denoted by the symbol x. The value of y changes
when the value of x changes to x + x to y + y.
Equation 1 becomes
y + y = f(x + x) Equation 2
The derivative of y with respect to x

Is the limit of the ratio when x


approaches zero
Determination of the Derivative

1. Replace x by x + x, and y by y + y
2. By subtraction, eliminate y between equations 1 and 2, obtaining a
formula for y in terms of x and x.
y = f(x + x) – f(x)
3. Expand the right side of the equation and transform into an equation
that contains x explicitly as a factor
4. Divide by x:

5. Determine the limit as x approaches zero


Differentiate the function

1.
2.

4.
5.
Find the derivative of the function

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DIFFENTIATION RULES
Algebraic Functions
Derivative of a constant
Derivative of a Quotient

Derivative of a Sum
Derivative of

Derivative of a Product
Find the derivative of the following
equations
Answers

1.

Combine similar terms

3.

4.
Tangents to Plane Curves

A straight line that intersects a curve in two or more


distinct points is called a secant, the line segment PP’
is a secant

Let P be a fixed point on a plane curve, and P’ another point on


the curve. If P’ is made to approach P along the curve, the secant
PP’ approaches a limiting position PT and is called the tangent to
the curve.
Slope of a Curve

The slope of the tangent to curve at any point


is called the slope of the curve at that point. In
other words, when P’ approaches P, the slope
of the secant approaches as its limit the slope
of the curve.
Derivative as Slope

The slope of the secant PP’ is. As x approaches


zero, P’ approaches P along the curve, the
slope of the secant approaches as its limit the
slope of the curve at P so that the derivative of
a function is identical with the slope of the
graph of the function.
Rate of Change

The idea of rate of change of a function


occurs constantly in everyday life. The
expression kilometer per hour, kilometer
per liter, pressure per square inch, tons
per hectare all represent change.
Physics
One of the examples of rate of change is in the field of physics, motion
in particular. Suppose that there are two posts, at a measured distance
apart, in a highway, and a car drive past them. Let x be the distance
between the posts, and t the time required to pass them.

 If the car travels at a uniform speed, that speed is merely.


 If the speed is variable, the ratio is the average speed.
 The instantaneous speed is the ratio as t approaches zero.

So that the derivative of a function is identical with its rate of change.


Find then rate at which the reciprocal of the
number changes as the number increases

Let n equals the number and r its reciprocal

When n passes through the value 2, the reciprocal is


diminishing one-fourth as fast as the number is
increasing.
The surface of a sphere, initially at zero, increases
uniformly at the rate of 4 sq. in. per sec. Find the rate
at which the radius is increasing at the end of 2 sec.

Let: t = time (sec); r = radius of sphere (in.); and S = surface area (sq.
in.)
Since S in increasing at a constant rate, S is proportional to the
elapsed time, thus
But, therefore

When t = 2
Find an equation of the tangent line to the
parabola at the point (2, 3).

slope = 2(2) = 4

Equation of the tangent is:


Derivative of Trigonometric
Functions
c.
d.
e.
f.
CHAIN RULE

If y is a function of u, and u is a function of x,


then y is dependent on x and its derivative
with respect to x and can be stated
mathematically as
Find the derivative of the function

We let, the equation becomes


Then, and
Therefore,
Find the derivative of the function

Let, the equation becomes


Then, and
Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
y = Sin ─1
2x
y = Tan ─1
3x
DIFFENTIATION OF IMPLICIT
FUNCTIONS
In implicit differentiation, we differentiate
each side of an equation with two variables
(usually x and y) by treating one of the
variables as a function of the other. This calls
for using the chain rule.
3 3
x + y − 3 xy= 0
Find and of the equation
Differentiating implicitly, we will obtain

But

But
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
𝑦 = log ( 2 𝑥 +1 )
𝑦 = ln sin 𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( 𝑥 3

√ 𝑥 −1
𝑥 +1 )
Exercises

Differentiate using increments


1.
2.
Exercises

Differentiate Using Derivatives


Exercises

1. Differentiate using trigonometric function


2.
3.
4.
Exercises

1. Differentiate using inverse trigonometric


function
2. y = Tan ─1
3x
3. y = Cos ─1
(1 – x)
4. y = Csc ─1
Exercises

Use implicit differentiation

1. `
Exercises

Differentiate using exponential and


logarithmic function

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