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2. History of the Development of Atomic Structure

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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Maria Cary Sandrino
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10 views

2. History of the Development of Atomic Structure

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Uploaded by

Maria Cary Sandrino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY OF THE

DEVELOPMENT OF
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
QUESTION

What is an atom and how do you describe it?


DEMOCRITUS 460 BC

• Greek Philosopher
• Suggested world was made of two things –
empty space and “atomos”
• Atomos – Greek word for uncuttable
• 2 Main ideas
• Atoms are the smallest possible particle of
matter
• There are different types of atoms for each
material
JOHN DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
(1804)

1. All matter is made of atoms.


2. Atoms of one element are all the same.
3. Atoms cannot be broken down into
smaller parts.
4. Compounds form by combining atoms.
J.J. THOMSON (1897)

Discovered the electron

He was the first scientist to show the atom was


made of even smaller things.
JJ THOMSON
He used the Cathode ray tube to discover electrons
JJ THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT
JJ THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT

A diagram of J.J. Thomson's cathode ray tube. The ray originates at


the cathode and passes through a slit in the anode. The cathode ray
is deflected away from the negatively-charged electric plate, and
towards the positively-charged electric plate. The amount by which
the ray was deflected by a magnetic field helped Thomson determine
the mass-to-charge ratio of the particles
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model
Eugen Goldstein 1850-1930

• Using a cathode ray tube he discovered


canal rays which are beams of positively
charged particles.
• He is credited with the discovery of
protons in an atom.
Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment

• Determined the charge on an electron


• Used Thomson’s charge to mass ratio to
calculate the mass of an electron
MILIKAN’S OIL DROP EXPERIMENT
(link :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwnjYERS66U)
This apparatus has a parallel pair of horizontal metal plates. A uniform electric
field is created between them. The ring has three holes for illumination and
one for viewing through a microscope. A specific type of oil is sprayed into the
chamber, where drops become electrically charged. The droplets enter the
space between the plates and can be controlled by changing the voltage
across the plates.
• Millikan’s oil drop experiment measured the charge of an electron.
Before this experiment, existence of subatomic particles was not
universally accepted.
• Millikan’s apparatus contained an electric field created between a
parallel pair of metal plates, which were held apart by insulating
material. Electrically charged oil droplets entered the electric field
and were balanced between two plates by altering the field.
• When the charged drops fell at a constant rate, the gravitational
and electric forces on it were equal. Therefore, the charge on the
oil drop was calculated using formula

• Millikan found that the charge of a single electron was 1.6 x 10-19
C.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD - 1913

• discovered the
nucleus of a gold
atom with his “gold
foil” experiment
RUTHERFORD’S GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1edtw4i6l0u
Using J.J Thomson’s Plum Pudding atomic model,
Rutherford predicted the alpha particles would
pass straight though the gold foil. But that’s not
what happened.
Gold Foil Experiment Results
most alpha particles go straight through the
gold foil
A few alpha particles are sharply deflected
RUTHERFORD’S CONCLUSION
• The atom is mostly
empty space.
• There is a small,
dense center with a
positive charge.
• Rutherford
discovered the
nucleus in atoms
RUTHERFORD’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE
ATOMIC THEORY

• The atom is mostly


empty space.
• The nucleus is a
small, dense core
with a positive
charge.
RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

• Proton – Positive charge (+), 1 atomic mass unit


(amu); found in the nucleus
• amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a neutron
• Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu; found in the
nucleus
• Electron – Negative charge (-), mass is VERY small
BOHR’S PLANETARY MODEL
• In Bohr’s model, electrons move with constant
speed in fixed orbits around the nucleus, like
planets around a sun.
• Bohr proposed that electrons move in paths at
certain distances around
the nucleus.
• Electrons can jump from a path on one level to a
path on another level.

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