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Session 19 and 20

Psych

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20 views

Session 19 and 20

Psych

Uploaded by

dhruvpandya052
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PERSONALITY Session 19 &20

CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY

●Latin word persona


●Allport - “dynamic organization
within the individual of those
psycho-physical systems that
determine his unique adjustment to
his environment”
●Cattell – “it is that which permits a
❑Personality is dynamic
❑Organized and not static
❑Includes physical, mental &
emotional traits
❑Unique and specific
❑Adjustment to one’s environment
❑Exhibits self consciousness
❑Organization of psychophysical
● Sometimes disorganized
● Product of heredity and environment
● It is an end product of learning &
acquisition
● Measured one
● Its just an estimation
● System of emotional disposition
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
❑4 broad categories
❑Type approach, trait, psycho-analytic and
humanistic approach.
❑Hippocrates, Kretschmer & Sheldon
❑Ancient Indian concept – Ayurveda
❑Vata (wind), pitt (bile) and kuff (mucus) – 3
basic elements of body
PERSONALITY IS….

Personality refers to an
individual’s unique constellation
of consistent behavioral traits.
RADICAL BEHAVIORISM

● Learning Theories

● Classical and Operant Conditioning

● Pavlov, Thorndike and B.F Skinner

● Reinforcement theory – The basis of


TRAIT THEORY V/S TYPE THEORY
●Thoughts, Feelings, Actions
●“May be defined as a property
within the individual that accounts
for his unique but relatively stable
reactions to environment”
●G.W Allport, R.B Cattell, H.J Eysenck
ALLPORT’S THEORY OF PERSONAL
DISPOSITION
● Basic unit of personality
● Cardinal traits – primary, dominant,
● Central traits – few characteristic
tendencies, less pervasive, generalized
behaviour
● Secondary traits – not dominant as such,
CATTELL’S THEORY – TRAIT
APPROACH
● Structure of personality
● Common traits – widely distributed.
E.g. Honesty, aggression, co-operation
● Unique traits – unique to a person.
E.g. emotional reactions.
● Surface traits – overt manifestation of behr. Eg:
dependability, curiosity
● Source traits – underlying stctr that determines
HANS EYSENCK (1916-1997)

● born in Berlin, Germany


● Immigrated to England in 1934.
● Published 79 books and 1,097 journal articles.
● Sybil – wife – worked together for EPQ – 12 yrs
and 20 factor analysis.
● “ Although published in our joint names, is
EYSENCK’S THEORY
●Traits in to Types
●Group of correlated traits
●Personality Types
○ Extroversion v/s Introversion

○ Neuroticism v/s Emotional stability

○ Psychoticism v/s Impulse control


EXTRAVERSION/ NEUROTICISM/ PSYCHOTICISM/
INTROVERSION EMOTIONAL IMPULSE CONTROL
STABILITY

Sociable Anxious Aggressive


Lively Depressed Cold
Active Guilt feelings Egocentric
Assertive Low self- Impersonal
Sensation esteem Impulsive
seeking Tense Antisocial
Carefree Irrational Creative
Dominant Shy Tough-
Venturesome Moody minded
Five Factor Model (Robert McCrae and Paul Costa)

● Predictive nature
● Are five traits enough?
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

●Sigmund Freud
●Carl Jung
●Alfred Adler
●Karen Horney
●Erik Erikson
PSYCHO-ANALYTIC APPROACH

● Freud’s Psycho-analytic Theory


● 3 major parts

○Theory of personality structure

○Theory of personality dynamics

○Theory of Psycho-sexual
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE
● Composed of 3 major systems
● The id , ego and superego

Id
● Original system
● Instinctual
● Reservoir of psychic energy
● Operates on pleasure principle
● Not concerned with good or bad
● It is the true psychic reality
● Its actions are more subjective
● It is the primitive component of
the personality
● Everything psychological that is
inherited including instincts
● It neglects values, rules, justice
etc
● Right or wrong, Real or unreal
● For reducing tension – choose pleasurable
path
● Two process for fulfilling goal
● Reflex action – primary process
● Inborn & automatic – sneezing, blinking eys
● Objects or actions selected by the id –
Cathexis
● Sucking thumb
● Primary process is not capable of reducing
● Then the secondary process starts
developing – it’s the second system –
ego
The ego
● Ego obeys the reality principle
● It is the decision making component
● It acts practically
● Balancing component
● It mediate the id and external social
world
●
● It decides how to behave
● Freud compares ego to a man on
horse back and id to the horse
● It is the executive of the pty
● Never becomes completely
independent from id
● It originate from id
● Reality principle – it uses
secondary process- getting
pleasure – reality testing- whether
what is happening is what we
SUPER EGO…
● Moral component of personality
● It works out according to social
acceptance
● It determines whether pty is good/bad
● It focuses on perfection rather than
pleasure
● It focuses on ideal rather than real.
● It emerge out of the age at around 3-5
years
● It emerges from id
● When ego stronger – balanced

personality

● When ego weaker – maladjusted

personality

● When super ego stronger – neurotic

pty
APPLICATION OF ID, EGO AND
Imagine lurching across your bed to shut off your
SUPEREGO
alarm clock as it rings obnoxiously. It’s 7 A.M. and
time to get up for your Mathematics class. However,
you feel like going back to sleep. You also realize that
you really must go to class since you haven’t been
able to decipher the textbook on your own. You
however feel assured you that you will get the A
grade that you need and you consider lying back to
dream about how impressed your roommates will be.
A few minutes later you feel guilty about all the
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

● Unconscious part of human mind


● 3 levels of consciousness
○ The conscious mind – contains memories,
thoughts & desires
○ The preconscious mind – b/n conscious &
unconscious, not fully aware but could be
recalled easily
○ The unconscious mind – needs & wishes, strong
● Factor of psychic activity is the
unconsciousness
● Unsatisfied desires & painful experiences
● Forced down – unconscious layer of the
mind – repression
● Bhr pattern, personality – determined by the
suppressed desires & experiences
● Repression of desires & feelings – block the
libido- psychic energy provide power to
mental activity- leads to severe anxiety &
PSYCHO – SEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
● Oral stage
● Anal stage
● Phallic stage
● Latency stage
● Genital stage
ORAL STAGE
● The first year of life
● Main source of erotic stimulation is the
mouth (in biting, sucking, chewing, and so
on)
● Oral sadistic period
● Fixation at the oral stage could form the
basis for obsessive eating or smoking
later in life
● First autoerotic experience is thumb
sucking, a defense against anxiety that
ANAL STAGE
● Children get their erotic pleasure from their
bowel movements, through either the
expulsion or retention of feces.
● Anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable
zone.
● Two sub-phases, the early anal and the late
anal
● Children often behave aggressively toward
their parents for frustrating them with toilet
training.
❑ excessive punishment might produce a
latent feeling of hostility toward the
“trainer,” usually the mother.
❑ Late – children take a friendly interest
toward their feces.
❑ Genital Concern and anxiety of
punishment - Genital anxiety – sexual
anxieties in later life
PHALLIC STAGE
● Around 4 yrs
● Genitals become the focus for the child’s
erotic energy
● Oedipal complex - develop an erotically tinged
preference for their mother.
● Oedipus was separated from his parents at
birth. Not knowing the identity of his real
parents, when he grew up he inadvertently
killed his father and married his mother.
● They also feel hostility toward their
father, whom they view as a
competitor for mom’s affection.
● Penis envy
● The way parents and children deal
with the sexual and aggressive
conflicts - important
LATENCY STAGE
● 4 – 6 yrs
● child’s sexuality is largely suppressed
● expanding social contacts beyond the
immediate family.
● If parental suppression is successful,
children will repress their sexual drive
and direct their psychic energy toward
school, friend-ships, hobbies, and other
nonsexual activities.
GENITAL PERIOD
● Puberty - adults
● Erogenous zone - sex organs
● Sexual urges reappear and focus on the
genitals once again.
● Sexual energy is normally channeled toward
peers of the other sex
● Freud believed that unconscious sexual conflicts
rooted in childhood experiences cause most
personality disturbances.
“CHILD IS THE FATHER OF M

● Develop pty in response to


○Physiological growth process
○Frustrations
○Conflicts
○Threats
● Tension relieves through

○ Identification

○ Displacement
● Identification – method by which a person
takes over the features of another person
● More similar to imitation – its superficial
● Takes place unconsciously
● Children identify to avoid punishment
ANXIETY AND DEFENSE
MECHANISMS
Internal Conflicts → Id or Superego out of
control → Anxiety → Defense Mechanisms →
Reduce Anxiety
Unconscious
Which conflicts do you think are most likely to
be unresolved?
1. After a very stressful day at work, Sarina arrives home and immediately begins yelling
at her two children for not cleaning their rooms.
2. Sixteen-year-old Theodore had started using drugs, and the changes in his behavior made it pretty obvious,
but his parents didn't believe the school principal when she called to talk with them about the problem.
3. Norm behaves like a stereotypical "he man," but he’s actually anxious/insecure about
his gender identity.
4. After getting home from an incredible shopping spree, Stacey explains to her husband
why she “had” to purchase each of the items.
5. Frank feels that his younger son, Ralph, is unattractive and not very smart. Frank accuses his wife of picking
on Ralph and favoring their other son.
6. . George's new supervisor is very difficult to work for. Recently George has begun
stopping off at the gym after work.
7. The young wife, after a conflict with her husband, gives up the marriage and returns to
the home of her parents. She again takes on the role of a dependent child who
expects unlimited love and indulgences.
8. Many people who were interned in concentration camps were unable to recall events that happened in the
camp during their internment.

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