Lecture 5

Electric Fields in
Material Space

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Objectives
 Define

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 Properties of Materials
 Materials may be classified as conductors and
nonconductors, or technically as metals and
insulators (or dielectrics)
 Materials are classified in terms of their
conductivity σ, in mhos per meter (ʊ/m) or, more
usually siemens per meter (S/m)
 The conductivity of a material usually depends
on temperature and frequency

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 Properties of Materials
 A material with high conductivity (σ >> 1) is
referred to as a metal, whereas one with low
conductivity (σ << 1) is referred to as an
insulator

 A material
whose conductivity lies somewhere
between those of metals and insulators is called a
semiconductor

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 Properties of Materials
 Table of conductivities

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 Properties of Materials
 At temperatures near absolute zero (T = 0 K),
some conductors exhibit infinite conductivity and
are called superconductors
 The major difference between a metal and an
insulator lies in the number of electrons available
for conduction of current
 Dielectric materials have few electrons available
for conduction of current; metals have an
abundance of free electrons
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 Convection and Conduction
Currents
 Electric current is generally caused by the motion
of electric charges

 The current (in amperes) through a given area is

the electric charge passing through the area per
unit time

 That is

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 Convection and Conduction
Currents
 Ifcurrent ΔI flows through a planar surface ΔS,
the current density is

 If the current density is perpendicular to the surface:

 If the current density is not normal to the surface:

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 Convection and Conduction
Currents
 Thus, the total current flowing through a surface
S is

 Theequation shows that the current I through S is

merely the flux of the current density J

 Thereare different kinds of current density:

convection current density, conduction current
density, and displacement current density
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 Convection and Conduction
Currents
 Convection current, does not involve
conductors and consequently does not satisfy
Ohm’s law
 It occurs when current flows through an
insulating medium such as liquid, rarefied gas, or
a vacuum

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 Convection and Conduction
Currents
 Line

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 Convection and Conduction
Currents
 Line

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 Example 1
 If J = 1r3 12 cos u ar 1 sin u au2 A/m2, calculate
the current passing through
(a) A hemispherical shell of radius 20 cm, 0 , u ,
p/2, 0 , f , 2p
(b) A spherical shell of radius 10 cm

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Example 2
 The finite

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 Example 3
 Planes

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 Conductors
 A conductor has an abundance of charge that is
free to move
m

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 Conductors
 Suppose a

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 Conductors
 Suppose a

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Example 4
 Determine

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 Polarization in Dielectrics
 Gauss’s law state

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 Polarization in Dielectrics
 Gauss’s law state

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 Polarization in Dielectrics
 Gauss’s law state

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 Dielectric Constant and Strength
 Point

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 Dielectric Constant and Strength
 Point

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 Dielectric Constant and Strength
 Point

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Example 5
 Given

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 Example 6
 A charge

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 Linear, Isotropic, and
Homogeneous Dielectrics
 A material is said to be linear if D varies linearly
with E and nonlinear otherwise
 Materials for which ε (or σ) does not vary in the
region being considered and is therefore the same
at all points (i.e., independent of x, y, z) are said
to be homogeneous
 They are said to be inhomogeneous (or
nonhomogeneous) when ε is dependent on the
space coordinates
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 Linear, Isotropic, and
Homogeneous Dielectrics
 Materials for which D and E are in the same
direction are said to be isotropic; that is, isotropic
dielectrics are those that have the same properties
in all directions
 In anisotropic (or nonisotropic) materials, D, E,
and P are not parallel; ε or χe has nine
components that are collectively referred to as a
tensor

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 Linear, Isotropic, and
Homogeneous Dielectrics
 Insummary, a dielectric material (in which D =
εE applies) is linear if ε does not change with the
applied E field, homogeneous if ε does not
change from point to point, and isotropic if ε
does not change with direction
 The same idea holds for a conducting material in
which J = σE applies; the material is linear if σ
does not vary with E, homogeneous if σ is the
same at all points, and isotropic if σ does not vary
with direction
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 Linear, Isotropic, and
Homogeneous Dielectrics
 Simple materials are media that are linear,
isotropic and homogeneous

 All
formulas derived for free space can be
applied by merely replacing εo with εoεr

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Example 7
 Two

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 Example 8
 A point charge

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 Continuity Equation and
Relaxation Time
 Thus current Iout coming out of the closed surface
is

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 Continuity Equation and
Relaxation Time
 The

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 Continuity Equation and
Relaxation Time
 The

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 Continuity Equation and
Relaxation Time
 The

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Example 9
 Given

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 Boundary Conditions
 Ifthe field exists in a region consisting of two
different media, the conditions that the field must
satisfy at the interface separating the media are
called boundary conditions
 mmm

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 Boundary Conditions
 An

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 Boundary Conditions
 An

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 Boundary Conditions
 An

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Example 10
 Two dipoles

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Example 11
I

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 Example 12
 For a

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Example 14
 The point

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 Example 15
 If

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 Solved Problems
 Determine the electric field intensity required to
levitate a body 2 kg in mass and charged with -4
mC
 Line 0 < x < 1 m is charged with density 12x 2
nC/m. (a) Find the total charge. (b) Determine the
electric field intensity at (0, 0, 1000 m)
 The electric flux density in free space is given by
D = y2ax + 2xyay - 4zaz nC/m2. (a) Find the
volume charge density. (b) Determine the flux
through surface x = 3, 0 < y < 6, 0 < z < 5 48
 Solved Problems
 If spherical surfaces r = 1 m and r = 2 m,
respectively, carry uniform surface charge
densities 8 nC/m2 and -6 mC/m2, find D at r = 3 m
 Given that E = 12ρz cosϕ aρ - 6ρz sinϕ aϕ + 6ρ2
cosϕ az (a) find the volume charge density at A(2,
180º, –1), (b) calculate the work done in
transferring a 10 µC charge from A to B(2, 0º, -1)
 Determine the amount of work needed to transfer
two charges of 40 nC and –50 nC from infinity to
locations (0, 0, 1) and (2, 0, 0), respectively.49
Danke!
END

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