General Chemistry

Principles & Modern Applications

10th Edition
Petrucci/Herring/Madura/Bissonnette

Chapter 9
The Periodic Table and Some Atomic
Properties
Dr. Wendy Pell
University of Ottawa
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Which group has the elements
listed in order of increasing
atomic radius?

1. Al, P, Cl, Ar
2. Rb, Sr, Ca, Mg
3. N, P, S, Se
4. Ne, Ar, Cl, Br
5. H, He, Ne, Ar

Slide 2 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which group has the elements
listed in order of increasing
atomic radius?

1. Al, P, Cl, Ar
2. Rb, Sr, Ca, Mg
3. N, P, S, Se
4. Ne, Ar, Cl, Br
5. H, He, Ne, Ar

Slide 3 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which chemical equation corresponds to the third ionization energy
for nitrogen?

1. N(g)  N3+(g) + 3e-

2. 3N(g)  3N+(g) + 3e-

3. N(g)  N3+(g) + e-

4. N2+(g)  N3+(g) + e-

5. N3+(g)  N4+(g) + e-

Slide 4 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which chemical equation corresponds to the third ionization energy
for nitrogen?

1. N(g)  N3+(g) + 3e-

2. 3N(g)  3N+(g) + 3e-

3. N(g)  N3+(g) + e-

4. N2+(g)  N3+(g) + e-

5. N3+(g)  N4+(g) + e-

Slide 5 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which group in the periodic
table is the element with the
following ionization energies
most likely be found.

1st IE = 786 kJ mol-1

2nd IE = 1577 kJ mol-1
3rd IE = 3232 kJ mol-1
4th IE = 4355 kJ mol-1
5th IE = 16091 kJ mol-1
6th IE = 19784 kJ mol-1

1. Gr. 2 2. Gr. 13 3. Gr. 14 4. Gr. 16 5. Gr. 18

Slide 6 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which group in the periodic
table is the element with the
following ionization energies
most likely be found.

1st IE = 786 kJ mol-1

2nd IE = 1577 kJ mol-1
3rd IE = 3232 kJ mol-1
4th IE = 4355 kJ mol-1
5th IE = 16091 kJ mol-1
6th IE = 19784 kJ mol-1

1. Gr. 2 2. Gr. 13 3. Gr. 14 4. Gr. 16 5. Gr. 18

Slide 7 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The most preferential oxidation state for tin and the ion’s electron configuration
is,
1. I, [Kr]5s25p14d10
2. II, [Kr]5p24d10
3. II, [Kr]5s24d10
4. -IV, [Kr]5s25p64d10
5. -I, [Kr]5s25p34d10

Slide 8 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The most preferential oxidation state for tin and the ion’s electron configuration
is,
1. I, [Kr]5s25p14d10
2. II, [Kr]5p24d10
3. II, [Kr]5s24d10
4. -IV, [Kr]5s25p64d10
5. -I, [Kr]5s25p34d10

Slide 9 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The most preferential oxidation state for gold and the ion’s electron configuration
is,
1. I, [Xe]6s25d8
2. II, [Xe]5d9
3. I, [Xe]5d10
4. -I, [Xe]6s25d10
5. -I, [Xe]5d106p3

Slide 10 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The most preferential oxidation state for gold and the ion’s electron configuration
is,
1. I, [Xe]6s25d8
2. II, [Xe]5d9
3. I, [Xe]5d10
4. -I, [Xe]6s25d10
5. -I, [Xe]5d106p3

Slide 11 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which of the following has the
smallest radius?

1. Li+
2. Li
3. O2-
4. Be2+
5. Ne

Slide 12 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which of the following has the
smallest radius?

1. Li+
2. Li
3. O2-
4. Be2+
5. Ne

Slide 13 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following lists has the
species increasing in radius?

1. Kr, Ar, Cl-, S2-

2. Li+, Be2+, B3+
3. I-, Br-, Cl-, F-
4. F-, O2-, N3-, P3-
5. Cl-, S2-, P3-, Al3+

Slide 14 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following lists has the
species increasing in radius?

1. Kr, Ar, Cl-, S2-

2. Li+, Be2+, B3+
3. I-, Br-, Cl-, F-
4. F-, O2-, N3-, P3-
5. Cl-, S2-, P3-, Al3+

Slide 15 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following
species is most likely to
accept another electron?

1. Ar
2. O
3. O-
4. N
5. C

Slide 16 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following
species is most likely to
accept another electron?

1. Ar
2. O
3. O-
4. N
5. C

Slide 17 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following has
the highest second
ionization energy?

1. Na
2. Mg
3. Al
4. K

Slide 18 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following has
the highest second
ionization energy?

1. Na
2. Mg
3. Al
4. K

Slide 19 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Below is an example of a charge exchange reaction between atomic oxygen
and the krypton cation. These reactions are possible if they are exothermic.
The ionization energies of Kr and O are 1350 and 1312 kJ mol-1, respectively.
Is the charge exchange reaction shown below exothermic or endothermic?

Kr+ + O O+ + Kr

1. Exothermic
2. Endothermic
3. Not enough information given

Slide 20 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Below is an example of a charge exchange reaction between atomic oxygen
and the krypton cation. These reactions are possible if they are exothermic.
The ionization energies of Kr and O are 1350 and 1312 kJ mol-1, respectively.
Is the charge exchange reaction shown below exothermic or endothermic?

Kr+ + O O+ + Kr

1. Exothermic
2. Endothermic
3. Not enough information given

Slide 21 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1600
In general the ionization energy increases going

Ionization energy / kJ mol-1

across a period. However, as seen to the right, 1400

the ionization energy of Al is considerably smaller 1200

than that of Mg. The best explanation for this is 1000

1. Al is a smaller atom than Mg. 800

600
2. s electrons penetrate closer to the nucleus and
therefore shield p electrons more effectively. 400
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

3. the electrons in Mg are farther from the nucleus Period 3 Elements

than in Al.
4. Al is a larger atom than Mg since its electrons
are less tightly held to the nucleus.

Slide 22 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 1600
In general the ionization energy increases going

Ionization energy / kJ mol-1

across a period. However, as seen to the right, 1400

the ionization energy of Al is considerably smaller 1200

than that of Mg. The best explanation for this is 1000

1. Al is a smaller atom than Mg. 800

600
2. s electrons penetrate closer to the nucleus and
therefore shield p electrons more effectively. 400
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

3. the electrons in Mg are farther from the nucleus Period 3 Elements

than in Al.
4. Al is a larger atom than Mg since its electrons
are less tightly held to the nucleus.

Slide 23 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Generally, the ionization energies
increase going across a period as
shown to the right. The best
explanation is

1. The charge on the nucleus

increases so the electrons are
more attracted to the nucleus.

2. The atoms’ radii increase as

you go across the periodic table.

3. The atoms’ radii decrease as

you go across the periodic table.

4. Electrons in the same shell do not shield each other completely so the
effective nuclear charge is felt by each additional electron is greater.

Slide 24 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Generally, the ionization energies
increase going across a period as
shown to the right. The best
explanation is

1. The charge on the nucleus

increases so the electrons are
more attracted to the nucleus.

2. The atoms’ radii increase as

you go across the periodic table.

3. The atoms’ radii decrease as

you go across the periodic table.

4. Electrons in the same shell do not shield each other completely so the
effective nuclear charge is felt by each additional electron is greater.

Slide 25 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which process will be more energetically favourable:

1. Ionizing a sodium atom in the gas phase to form Na+

Na(g)  Na+(g) + e HIE = ?

or

2. Adding an electron to a sodium atom to form Na-

Na(g) + e  Na-(g) HEA = ?

Slide 26 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which process will be more energetically favourable:

Catch: photo of
sodium metal
p. 921

1. Ionizing a sodium atom in the gas phase to form Na+

Na(g)  Na+(g) + e HIE = 495.8 kJ mole-1

or

2. Adding an electron to a sodium atom to form Na-

Na(g) + e  Na-(g) HEA = -52 kJ mole-1

Slide 27 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 2800
The ionization energy decreases as you go

-1
down any group in the periodic table as shown Rare gases

Ionization energy / kJ mol

2400
Chalcogens
for the rare gases and chalcogens to the right. 2000
The best explanation for this trend is…
1600

1. As you go down the periodic table metallic 1200

character of the elements increases.
800

2. Atomic radius decreases as you go down 400

the periodic table. He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn O S Se Te Po
Elements
3. The electrons in the outer shell are further from the
nucleus and are effectively shielded by the core electrons.

4. The charge on the nucleus increases so the electrons are more

attracted to the nucleus.

Slide 28 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 2800
The ionization energy decreases as you go

-1
down any group in the periodic table as shown Rare gases

Ionization energy / kJ mol

2400
Chalcogens
for the rare gases and chalcogens to the right. 2000
The best explanation for this trend is
1600

1. As you go down the periodic table metallic 1200

character of the elements increases.
800

2. Atomic radius decreases as you go down 400

the periodic table. He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn O S Se Te Po
Elements
3. The electrons in the outer shell are further from the
nucleus and are effectively shielded by the core electrons.

4. The charge on the nucleus increases so the electrons are more

attracted to the nucleus.

Slide 29 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which of the following atoms would you expect to be diamagnetic?

18 20 30 35
Ar Ca Zn Br
39.948 40.078 65.39 79.904

1. Ar, Ca and Zn only

4. Ar only
2. Ar and Br only
5. All are diamagnetic
3. Zn and Ca only

Slide 30 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which of the following atoms would you expect to be diamagnetic?

18 20 30 35
Ar Ca Zn Br
39.948 40.078 65.39 79.904

1. Ar, Ca and Zn only

4. Ar only
2. Ar and Br only
5. All are diamagnetic
3. Zn and Ca only

Slide 31 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which of the following species would you expect to be most paramagnetic?

1. Mn 25
Mn
2. Mn2+
54.9381
3. Fe3+
26
4. Both Mn2+ and Fe3+ are the same
and more paramagnetic than Mn Fe
55.847
5. All have the same paramagnetism.

Slide 32 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Which of the following species would you expect to be most paramagnetic?

1. Mn 25
Mn
2. Mn2+
54.9381
3. Fe3+
26
4. Both Mn2+ and Fe3+ are the same
and more paramagnetic than Mn Fe
55.847
5. All have the same paramagnetism.

Slide 33 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following reactions
would you expect to be the most
vigorous?

1. 2Li + F2  2LiF
2. Mg + Cl 2  MgCl 2
3. Rb + Ne  RbNe
4. 2Cs + F2  2CsF
5. Ba + S  BaS

Slide 34 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which of the following reactions
would you expect to be the most
vigorous?

1. 2Li + F2  2LiF
2. Mg + Cl 2  MgCl 2
3. Rb + Ne  RbNe
4. 2Cs + F2  2CsF
5. Ba + S  BaS

Slide 35 of 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.