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10 views

Timber Presentation

Uploaded by

patienkira2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 25

KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT


DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
COURSE TITLE : BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
COURSE CODE : ARC 112
LEVEL : YEAR 1, SEMESTER 1
LECTURER : ATUHAIRE DAPHINE
GROUP “ 1 BY:
1.KIRABO PATIENCE 24/U/ARD/06160/PD
2.ANDINDA TREVOR 24/U/ARD/03227/PD
3.MWAKA DARRELL 24/U/ARD/17126/GV
4.NSIMBI MARK KEVIN 24/U/ARD/17129/GV
5.BILEYO HARMONY 24/U/ARD/04379/PD
Definition of timber.
• Timber refers to wood that has been processed or trees that have been
felled and prepared.
• Timber is obtained from mature trees .
• Timber is mainly divided into two types i.e softwoods and hardwoods.

Examples of softwoods include douglas fir, pine, cedar, hemlock e.t.c


Examples of hardwoods include oak, mahogany, cypress e.t.c
Characteristics of Softwood and
hardwood
Hardwood Softwood
• Hard woods are made of vessels. • Softwoods are made up of
• The cells have thick walls. tracheids.
• The wood is hard, more dense and • The cells have thin walls
darker in shades. • Wood is less dense and light in
• Annual rings are indistinct, thin and shades.
closer. • The annual rings are distinct and
• The trees are deciduous in nature. broader.
• The outer bark of the tree is soft and • The trees are evergreen
smooth.
• The outer bark of the tree is rough,
tough, thick and strong.
• The trunk is irregular and less
• The trunk is straight and cylindrical.
cylindrical.
• The crown is wide rounded and • The crown is narrow and pointed.
Timber Conversion
• This refers to the sawing of timber logs into marketable
sizes for a specific purpose.
• It is maily comprised of four methods which include;
Through and Through method
Boxed heart method
Tangential method
Quarter method
• Through and through conversion • Quarter method

• Tangenial method • Boxed heart


Seasoning of Timber
• This refers to the controlled drying of converted timber by natural or
artificial means.
• Reasons for seasoning.
To ensure that the moisture content of the timber is below the dry
rot safety.
To improve on the workability of the timber.
To ensure the the durability of timber
To reduce on the weight of the timber.

• There are two ways of seasoning which are natural and artificial
ways.
Natural Seasoning.
• This is also known as air seasoning. This is when timber is placed on
raised platforms with spacers between each layer to allow air to circulate
freely around all sides of the wood.
Artificial Seasoning.
• This is also known as kiln seasoning
• This is a method of drying timber using a controlled environment in a kiln
where temperature ,humidity, and air circulation are carefully regulated.
Identification and classification of timber defects.
• Different types of timber defects occur at different
stages during the growth, production and processing of
timber.
• The following defects in timber can happen for many
reasons which include,
Timber Defects Caused by Natural factors.
 Timber Defects Caused Due to Fungi
 Types of Timber Defects Caused During Seasoning
Types of Timber Defects Caused by Insects
 Timber Defects Caused During Conversion
Timber Defects Caused by Natural factors.
• Wind cracks • Twist Fiber

• Shakes
• Upsets

Star shake Cup shake


Heart shake
• Water stains • Timber knots
• Rind Galls

• Chemical Stains
• Burl
Timber Defects Caused Due to Fungi.
• Dry rot Brown rot

• Wet rot White rot


Sap stain
Blue stain

Heart rot
Types of Timber Defects Caused During Seasoning
Bowing Honeycombing
Shaking

Winding
Cupping Case hardening
Collapse
Types of Timber Defects Caused by
Insects
• Insects are one of the primary reasons to destroy the
quality and reduce the lifespan of timber. While some
woods are resistant to insect attack, others are not and
may need to be treated externally.
• Termites, beetles and marine borers are three of the
most common types of insect responsible for timber
damage.
• Termites are white ants that eat up the timber from the
inside without harming the outer layer. Beetles are
small insects that affect the sapwood of the timber,
Timber Defects Caused During
Wane
Conversion
Torn grain

Chip Mark
Grading system for Timber Quality
• Grading of timber refers to the process that categorizes
timber based on its quality and suitability for different
uses.

• Quality of timber is judged on the presence of what we


know as imperfections or flaws in the appearance of the
wood.
Grades of timber by quality
• 1.Prime Quality
• This type of timber does not have any apparent flaws, blemishes or knots. It is used
in making exquisite furniture like coffee tables, office tables, side boards etc.

• 2.Joinery grade
• Joinery grade timber may have some minor imperfections but wont have effect on the
structural soundness of the material. It is mostly used in interior application like
windows, moulds, and doors.

• 3.Merchantable quality
• Timber with merchantable quality has more obvious flows such as knots and surface
imperfections but don’t have any effect on the timber strength or appropriateness for
most wood working and building applications. It can be used in construction of
bridges, balconies and terraces.
Preservation skills for prolonging timber lifespan.
• Preservation of timber is the poisoning of the food supply in
timber(especially the sap wood) by applying chemicals to timber to stop
the attack of woodworm, and fungal decay, (wet rot / dry rot) and to
protect it from the effects of dampness.
• The commonly used types of preservatives for timber include Coal Tar,
ASCU preservatives, Oil paints, Solignum paints, Creosote oil.
• There are several techniques of preservation of timber.
 Brushing of Timber Preservatives
 Spraying of Timber Preservatives
 Preservative Injecting Under Pressure
 Dipping and Stepping Method of Timber Preservation
Techniques of preserving timber
• Brushing of Timber Preservatives • Spraying of Timber Preservatives
Preservative Injecting Under Pressure
• This is done bytwo processes namely:
Empty-cell process
Full-cell process
• Dipping and Stepping Method of Timber • Charring Method of Timber Preservation
Preservation
Hot and Cold Open Tank Treatment of
Timber
• In this method, the timber is placed in an open tank which
contains the preservative solution. This solution is then
heated for a few hours at 85℃ to 95℃. Then, the solution
is allowed to cool and timber gets submerged with this
gradual cooling. This type of treatment is generally done
for sapwood.
References
• https://civinnovate.com/2023/12/06/defects-in-timber/
• https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-defects-in-
timber/21521/#google_vignette
• https://camerrontimberexport.com/what-are-the-different-
types-of-defects-in-timber/
• https://theconstructor.org/building/preservation-of-timber-
methods-materials/17324
• Building constuction theory By Mutebi Ronald
• https://hardwoodsgroup.com

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