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Lect. 7 & 8

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Lect. 7 & 8

Uploaded by

Sabeena Saleem
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 312: Heat and Mass transfer

Chap. # 5: Principles of Convection


Lecture # 7

Dr. Muhammad Wajid Saleem

Department of Mechanical Engineering


UET, Lahore
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Prandtl number
Parameter that relates the relative thicknesses of the hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layers.

The kinematic viscosity of a fluid conveys information about the rate at which
momentum may diffuse through the fluid because of molecular motion.

The thermal diffusivity tells us the same thing in regard to the diffusion of heat in
the fluid.

Thus the ratio of these two quantities should express the relative magnitudes of
diffusion of momentum and heat in the fluid.
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Prandtl number
But these diffusion rates are precisely the quantities that determine how thick the
boundary layers will be for a given external flow field;

Large diffusivities mean that the viscous or temperature influence is felt farther
out in the flow field.

The Prandtl number is thus the connecting link between the velocity field and the
temperature field.
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Prandtl number
In the foregoing analysis the assumption was made that ζ<1. This assumption is
satisfactory for fluids having Prandtl numbers greater than about 0.7.

Most of gases and liquids have Prandtl number greater than 0.7. Liquid metals are
a notable exception, however, since they have Prandtl numbers of the order of
0.01.
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Nusselt number
In heat transfer at a boundary within a fluid, the Nusselt number (Nu) is the ratio of
convective to conductive heat transfer across (normal to) the boundary.

Convective heat transfer coefficient for a horizontal distance x from the leading edge is
derived as,

So the Nusselt number at a horizontal distance from the leading edge will be
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Nusselt number
For the plate heated over its entire length, x0 =0 and

Above are the local values of the heat-transfer coefficient and Nusselt number in terms of
the distance from the leading edge of the plate.

For the case where x0 =0 the average heat-transfer coefficient and Nusselt number are as
below.

Where ,

The mathematical terms defined above are true for the assumption that the fluid properties
were constant throughout the flow.
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Nusselt number
Case 1 (Temperature variation):
When there is an appreciable variation between wall and free-stream conditions, it is
recommended that the properties be evaluated at the “film temperature Tf”.

Tf is defined as the arithmetic mean between the wall and free-stream temperature.
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Nusselt number
Case 2 (Constant Heat Flux):
The above analysis has considered the laminar heat transfer from an isothermal surface.
In many practical problems the surface heat flux is essentially constant, and the objective
is to find the distribution of the plate-surface temperature for given fluid-flow
conditions.

For the constant-heat-flux case it can be shown that the local Nusselt number is given by

which may be expressed in terms of the wall heat flux and temperature difference as
The Thermal Boundary Layer-Nusselt number
Other Relations

The Nusselt number for the high (Re.Pr) value


Examples
Air at 27◦C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a speed of 2 m/s. The viscosity of air at
27◦C is 1.85×10−5 kg/m·s.
Assume that the plate is heated over its entire length to a temperature of 60◦C. Calculate
the heat transferred in (a) the first 20 cm of the plate and (b) the first 40 cm of the plate.
Examples
Examples
Assignment-1

Examples: 5.6

Problems: 5.6, 5.7, 5.13,5.14,5.15,5.16,5.17,5.18,5.19,5.20,5.23,5.24,5.26,5.29,5.30,


The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer
• We have already seen that the temperature and flow fields are related.
• Now we seek an expression whereby the frictional resistance may be directly related to
heat transfer.

The shear stress at the wall may be expressed in terms of a friction coefficient Cf.

Above equation is the defining equation for the friction coefficient.


The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer
The shear stress may also be calculated from the relation

By using the velocity distribution eq.


The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer

Making use of the relation for the boundary-layer thickness gives

Combining Shear stress equations and ..


The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer
Divide the Nusselt number equation with Re and Pr number.

After division the equation will be

The group on the left is called the Stanton number,


The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer
Stanton number is the ratio of heat transferred into a fluid to the thermal capacity of
fluid. It is used to characterize heat transfer in forced convection flows

=
where as

So

Compare the with the


The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer

Above equation is called the Reynolds-Colburn analogy, which expresses the relation
between fluid friction and heat transfer for laminar flow on a flat plate.
The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer
Example:
Air at 27◦C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the boundary-layer thickness at
distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from the leading edge of the plate. The viscosity of air at 27◦C is 1.85×10−5
kg/m· s. Assume unit depth in the z direction. The plate is heated over its entire length to a temperature of
60◦C.
Compute the drag force exerted on the first 40 cm of the plate using the analogy between fluid friction and
heat transfer.
Solution:
The drag force is the product of the shear stress and the area,
The Relation Between Fluid Friction And Heat Transfer

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