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04

Uploaded by

Moha Omar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Previous lectures

• Chapter 1 Theoretical basis


– Thermodynamics
– Aerodynamics

1
Section Numbering

2
Energy in Sections

• Enthalpy
– Definition h = u + pv
u internal energy
pv considered as pressure potential
energy
• h(T) = u(T) + RT
Enthalpy a single value function of T.

3
Energy in Sections

• Stagnation (Total) parameters


2 2
* v v *
h h   cpT   cpT
2 2


v  T *   1 
p *

  
p*    1 2 
 1 
 1

p *    p  2
M 

v   T 
4
Energy equations

2 2

q h  v 1
 h2  v 2
W
1
2 2

dp1 2
2

1  2

2

 v 2  v1  W  W f 0

5
Thermodynamic cycles of gas
turbine engines
• Ideal cycle (Brayton cycle)

– 0-2 Isentropic compression


– 2-3 Isobar heating
– 3-9 Isentropic expansion
– 9-0 Isobar cooling
6
Massflow function in section
p Aq( )
*
m K
*
T
• 5 variables, with total parameters
• If 5 are all known, any parameter can be
calculated.
• The most important params are
massflow, total temp, total pressure.

7
Chapter 2
Principle of Gas Turbine Engine

8
Chapter 2
Principle of Gas Turbine Engine
• §2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of gas turbine engines
– 1. Ideal cycle
– 2. Real cycle
• §2.2 Thrust
– 1. Propulsion power and propulsive efficiency
– 2. Total efficiency
– 3. Parameter evolution along flow passage
– 4. Thrust distribution and delivery in components
• §2.3 Gas engine performance and specifications
– 1. Performance characteristics
– 2. Specifications
– 3. Future development
• §2.4 Variations of Aircraft engines

9
Turbofan engine with afterburner

10
5 components of turbo engines

11
Compressor

12
13
Combustion chamber

14
Turbine

15
§2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of
gas turbine engines
• 1. Ideal cycle (Brayton cycle)

– 0-2 Isentropic compression


– 2-3 Isobar heating
– 3-9 Isentropic expansion
– 9-0 Isobar cooling
16
1. Ideal cycle (Cont’d)
• 0-2 Isentropic compression

– Diffuser and compressor


– 0-1 speed pressure rise. 0 atmosphere
condition. Add dynamic energy to substance
and to increase pressure to 1. Area 011'0'0
17
presents dynamic energy difference.
1. Ideal cycle (Cont’d)
• 0-2 Isentropic compression

– 1-2: compressor. Pressure from 1 to 2,


work added is the area 122'1'1.
18
Bernoulli function

dp1 2
2

1  2
2

 v 2  v1  W  W f 0
19
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
• 2-3 Isobar heating

– Combustion chamber
– Burn ideally kerosene at constant pressure in
combustion chamber and substance properties
unchanged.
– Total temperature T2* T3* 。
20
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
• 3-9 Isentropic expansion

– Turbine and nozzle


– 3-4 presents expansion in turbine,
heatmechanical energy giving to
compressor. Area 344'2'3=Area 122'1'1,
21
total pressure p3*p4*.
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
• 3-9 Isentropic expansion

– 4-9 complete expansion in exhaust system.


Heat changes kinetic energy in substance,
exits from the nozzle.
– As diffuser, kinetic energy change can be
22 seen as output work.
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)
• 9-0 Isobar heat release

– Dash line, accomplished in


atmosphere. This process is
unavoidable, The cycle is closed.
23
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)

• Specific heat added in the cycle


* *
q1 c p (T  T )
3 2
• Specific heat release
q 2 c p (T9  T0 )
• Specific work in the cycle
W q1  q 2

24
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)

• Thermal efficiency in the cycle


W q1  q 2 1
t   1   1
q1 q1 

Where pressure ratio
*
 p p
2
0

25
Piston Engine & Otto cycle
p c

Q1 d
Q2
b
a

O V2 V
V1

26
Otto Cycle

p c
•a→b Adiabatic
compression Q1 dQ
2
•b→c Volume constant, b
a
combustion O V V1 V
•c→d Adiabatic expension 2

•d→a Volume constant


 1 
Q
1 
2 Td  Ta
.
Thermal efficiency Q1 Tc  Tb
1. Ideal cycle (Cont'd)

• Cycle work as mechanical energy


2 2
v v
W WT   WC  9 0

2 2
if WT=WC
2 2
v  v9 0
W 
2
Specific work
28
§2.1 Thermodynamic cycles of
gas turbine engines
• 2. Real cycle

– 0-2 Compression (non isentropic)


– 2-3 Heating (non isobar)
– 3-9 Expansion (non isentropic)
– 9-0 Isobar heat release
29
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• 0-2 Compression
– Stagnation in diffuser and compression in
compressor have many types of losses.
– Non isentropic and n > 

30
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• 2-3 Non isobar heating


– Existing flow losses and thermal
resistance losses lows the pressure in
combustion chamber.
– Composition of substance changes.
31
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• 3-9 Expansion
– There are always losses in turbine and
nozzle.
– Non isentropic and n < 
32
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• Heat added,
area 2’233’2’
q1 c p (T3*  T2* )
• Heat released,
area 0’099’0’
'
q 2 c (T9  T0 )
p

cp’ gas specific


heat
33
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• Efficiency
q1  q 2
t 
q1

• Work
W q1  q 2

34
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• If T3* lower, q1=q2,


then t=0, no output
work.
• Work can be
presented by
mechanical energy,
same as ideal cycle:
2 2
v  v
9 0
W 
2
35
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)
• Under the same
pressure ratio  and
the same T3*, work is
smaller in real cycle
than ideal cycle.
• Note that area in
diagram T-s is heat,
not work.

36
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• If not take account of composition


change and mass flow increase,
differences between real cycle and
ideal cycle are:
– Friction and flow losses
– Total pressure loss
– Heating resistance

37
2. Real cycle (Cont'd)

• Finally, in nozzle gas kinetic energy


is smaller, velocity of air jet is
smaller.
• To improve engine’s efficiency, use
the components of high efficiency
and high performance.

38
§2.2 Thrust generation

39
§2.2 Thrust generation

• Turbo-engine thrust overcomes


airplane drag or accelerates
airplane.
• Usually called effective thrust.

40
§2.2 Thrust generation (Cont’d)

• Thrust = momentum of air + static


pressure differences
F qmg v9  qm v0  A9 ( p9  p0 )  A0 ( p0  p0 )
qmg v9  qm v0  A9 ( p9  p0 )

• Usually, p9≈p0 and neglecting fuel


flow, then
F  q m (v 9  v 0 )
41

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