Right click to view next

slide

Pfahler 2008
 PRESENTATION
ON HISTORY OF
COMPUTER

NAME:ALIASGHAR

ROLL NO.4

CLASS:6-A-2

Pfahler 2008
Matiste 2015
Pfahler 2008
ABACUS
4th Century B.C.

 The abacus, a simple counting

aid, may have been invented
in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the
fourth century B.C.
 This device allows users to
make computations using a
system of sliding beads
arranged on a rack.
 Considered the first computer
Matiste 2015
Pfahler 2008
First Computer

ABACUS

Pfahler 2008
BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 In 1642, the French
mathematician and philosopher
Blaise Pascal invented a
calculating device that would
come to be called the "Adding
Machine".
 One of the first and earliest
mechanical devices used for
calculating was the Pascaline

Pfahler 2008
 BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 Originally called a "numerical
wheel calculator" or the
"Pascaline", Pascal's invention
utilized a train of 8 moveable dials
or cogs to add sums of up to 8
figures long. As one dial turned 10
notches - or a complete revolution.
 Pascal's mechanical Adding
Machine automated the process of
calculation. Although slow by
modern standards, this machine did
provide a fair degree of accuracy
and speed. Pfahler 2008
 Blaise Pascal

Matiste 2015 Pfahler 2008

 Gottfried Wilhelm
von Leibniz

The stepped reckoner

Supposed to be able to add,
subtract, multiply, divide and
calculate square roots
Pfahler 2008
**Device never worked properly
CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
 Born in 1791, Charles
Babbage was an English
mathematician and professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the
British government to finance
his design to build a machine
that would calculate tables
for logarithms. Called the
“Difference Engine.”
 Device was to calculate
numbers to 20th place and
Pfahler 2008
print them at 4 digits per
Charles Babbage
1822 Babbage's Difference
Engine

Pfahler 2008
Analytical Engine
• 1833
• Used to perform a variety of
calculations by following a
set of instructions or
programs stored on punch
cards
• Machine only designed but
never built

Pfahler 2008
 Charles Babbage
Considered the “Father of
Computers”

Pfahler 2008
Herman Hollerith

Pfahler 2008
Hollerith’s Punch Card

Matiste 2015
Tabulating Machine

Pfahler 2008
 Tabulating Machine
• Used electricity rather than mechanical gears
• Holes representing information to be tabulated
were punched in cards
• The location of each hole represented a specific
piece of information (male vs. female)
• Cards inserted into the machine and metal pins
used to open and close electrical circuts
• If the circuit was closed, a computation was
increased by one

Matiste 2015
 Population Count
• Now took only 6 weeks to count 63 million

Matiste 2015
Tabulating Machine Company

International Matiste
Business
2015
Machines
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)
 Aiken thought he could create
a modern and functioning model
of Babbage's Analytical Engine.
 He succeeded in securing a
grant of 1 million dollars for his
proposed Automatic Sequence
Calculator; the Mark I for short.
From IBM.
 In 1944, the Mark I was
"switched" on. Aiken's colossal
machine spanned 51 feet in
length and 8 feet in height. 500
Pfahler 2008
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)

 The Mark I did transform

Babbage's dream into reality
and did succeed in putting IBM's
name on the forefront of the
computer industry. From 1944
on, modern computers would
forever be associated with
digital intelligence.

Pfahler 2008
Howard Aiken

Mark I Pfahler 2008

Mark I Calculator

Pfahler 2008
 1939-1942
• First electronic computer
built by John Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry
• Computer used binary
number system of 1 and 0
• Binary system is still used
today

Pfahler 2008
ENIAC - 1946

 Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
 a machine that computed at
speeds 1,000 times faster than
the Mark I was capable of only 2
years earlier.
 Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum
tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5
million soldered joints this
massive instrument required
the output of a small power
station to operate it.
Pfahler 2008
ENIAC

Matiste 2015
ENIAC
1943-1946

 It could do nuclear physics

calculations (in two hours)
which it would have taken 100
engineers a year to do by hand.
 The system's program could be
changed by rewiring a panel.
 Weighed 30 tons and was 1500
square feet (average area of a 3
bedroom house

Pfahler 2008
ENIAC
1946

Pfahler 2008
 Computer
• An electronic machine accepts data, processes it
according to instructions and provides the results
as new data
• Can make simple decisions and comparisons

Matiste 2015
 Program
• List of instructions written in a special
language that the computer understands

Matiste 2015
Vacuum Tubes

Matiste 2015
 1930’s – 1940’s
• Alan Turning developed “Universal
Machine”
• He envisioned a computer that could
perform any different tasks by simply
changing a program rather than by
changing electronic components

Matiste 2015
 1945 – John Von Newmann
• Developed stored programs concept
• Program would be stored in CPU or
Central Processing Unit

Matiste 2015
TRANSISTOR
1947

 In the laboratories of Bell

Telephone, John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain and William
Shockley discovered the
"transfer resistor"; later
labeled the transistor.
 Advantages:
 increased reliability
 consumed 1/20 of the electricity of
vacuum tubes
 were a fraction of the cost Pfahler 2008
TRANSISTOR
1947
 This tiny device had a huge
impact on and extensive
implications for modern
computers. In 1956, the
transistor won its creators the
Noble Peace Prize for their
invention.

Pfahler 2008
Transistor

Matiste 2015
Transistor Radio

Matiste 2015
First Computer Bug

Matiste 2015
ALTAIR
1975
 The invention of the transistor
made computers smaller,
cheaper and more reliable.
Therefore, the stage was set for
the entrance of the computer
into the domestic realm. In
1975, the age of personal
computers commenced.
 Under the leadership of Ed
Roberts the Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry
Company (MITS) wantedPfahler
to 2008
1970 John Huff

• Transistors were replaced by

integrated circuits or chips,
giving computers tremendous
speed to process information at
a rate of millions of calculations
per second.
• In 1970 John Huff invented the
microprocessor, an entire CPU
on a single chip. This allowed
for the building of a
microcomputer or personal
computer.

Pfahler 2008
ALTAIR
1975
 Based on the Intel 8080
processor, capable of controlling
64 kilobyes of memory, the MITS
Altair - as the invention was
later called - was debuted on
the cover of the January edition
of Popular Electronics
magazine.
 Presenting the Altair as an
unassembled kit kept costs to a
minimum. Therefore, the
company was able to offer Pfahlerthis
2008
ALTAIR
1975
 ALTAIR FACTS:
 No Keyboard
 No Video Display
 No Storage Device

Pfahler 2008
IBM (PC)
1981

 On August 12, 1981 IBM

announced its own personal
computer.
 Using the 16 bit Intel 8088
microprocessor, allowed for
increased speed and huge
amounts of memory.
 Unlike the Altair that was sold
as unassembled computer kits,
IBM sold its "ready-made"
machine through retailers and
by qualified salespeople.Pfahler 2008
IBM (PC)
1981

 To satisfy consumer appetites

and to increase usability, IBM
gave prototype IBM PCs to a
number of major software
companies.
 For the first time, small
companies and individuals who
never would have imagined
owning a "personal" computer
were now opened to the
computer world.
Pfahler 2008
MACINTOSH
(1984)
 IBM's major competitor was a
company lead by Steve Wozniak
and Steve Jobs; the Apple
Computer Inc.
 The "Lisa" was the result of
their competitive thrust.
 This system differed from its
predecessors in its use of a
"mouse" - then a quite foreign
computer instrument - in lieu of
manually typing commands.
 However, the outrageousPfahler
price
2008
of the Lisa kept it out of reach
MACINTOSH
(1984)

 Apple's brainchild was the

Macintosh. Like the Lisa, the
Macintosh too would make use
of a graphical user interface.
 Introduced in January 1984 it
was an immediate success.
 The GUI (Graphical User
Interface) made the system
easy to use.

Pfahler 2008
MACINTOSH
(1984)

 The Apple Macintosh debuts in

1984. It features a simple,
graphical interface, uses the 8-
MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000
CPU, and has a built-in 9-inch
B/W screen.
 Cost $2,495

Pfahler 2008
Thank you

Pfahler 2008
Pfahler 2008