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PipeFlow_3

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PipeFlow_3

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bhavins22
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Examples: Flow through a single pipe

1. Finding discharge: The head loss for flow of oil (kinematic viscosity, /= 10−5 m2/s) through a
galvanized iron pipe (D= 100 mm, = 0.15 mm) is 60 m per km length. What is the flow rate?
Solution:
; m/s and Q=0.0159 m3/s

2. Finding diameter: What size of asphalted cast-iron pipe ( = 0.12 mm) is required to carry
water at a discharge of 0.1 m3/s with a maximum head loss of 20 m per km?
Solution:

Assume f = 0.02, then D = 0.242 m => Re=5.27 x 105 => f = 0.0177


which gives D = 0.236 m => Re=5.40 x 105 => f = 0.0178; D = 0.236 m => Re=5.39 x 105 => f = 0.0178.

Direct solution: = 0.241 m

Provide the next larger available diameter


STEADY pipe flow: Flow through multiple pipe
• Pipes in series: Discharge is same, Head loss is sum of the head losses
• Finding Head loss- Simple. Re and /D are known, find f and then hl for each pipe and add
• If minor losses (at entrance, exit, expansion/contraction) are significant, these should be added also
• Finding Discharge- Iterative solution. Assume large Re, /D is known, find f, compute Q. Repeat till
convergence.
Example: Two reservoirs with a water-level difference of 50 m, are connected through two pipes in series. The first pipe
has a length of 1 km, diameter of 20 cm, and roughness height of 0.1 mm; and the second pipe has L=2 km, D=50 cm,
and  =0.2 mm. Estimate the discharge through the pipes. Ignore all minor losses.
Solution: From the Darcy-Weisbach eqn,
Assume large Re, then m3/s
Next iteration: Re1=678957, Re2=271582 m3/s
Next iteration: Re1=661916, Re2=264767 m3/s
Next iteration: Re1=661570, Re2=264628 m3/s
STEADY pipe flow: Flow through multiple pipe
• Pipes in parallel: Head loss is same, Discharge is sum of the discharges
• Finding Discharge- Simple. Similar to single pipe problem of finding Q for given hf
• Finding Head loss- Iterative solution. Assume large Re, find f, distribute Q. Repeat till convergence.
Example: A pipe carrying 0.5 m3/s of water is split into two parallel pipes. The first pipe has a length of 1 km, diameter
of 20 cm, and roughness height of 0.1 mm; and the second pipe has L=2 km, D=50 cm, and  =0.2 mm. Estimate the
head loss and discharge through each pipe. Ignore all minor losses.
Solution: Head loss is same, m3/s
Assume large Re, then m3/s
Next iteration: Re1=389955, Re2=1117257 m3/s
Next iteration: Re1=383602, Re2=1119799 m3/s
Next iteration: Re1=383424, Re2=1119870 m3/s
Therefore, discharges in the pipes are 60.23 litre/s and 439.77 lit/s. Head loss is 16.89 m.
STEADY pipe flow: Flow through multiple pipe
• Branching pipes (three reservoir problem): Direction of flow (into/out of middle reservoir) is
not known (NOTE: only direction-finding is in syllabus. Rest is for information)
• Use sign conventions as follows
• For head: Take datum at level of middle reservoir (B); hA (+ive), hC (−ive), hJ will have some value between hC and hA
• For discharge: flow towards the junction positive; QA(+ive), QC (−ive), the sign of QB opposite to that of hJ
• hJ will adjust such that the continuity at the junction is satisfied:
• Iterative solution:
• First determine if hJ is positive or negative- Assume hJ equal to zero, find QA0 and QC0. Then, Sgn(hJ)=Sgn(QA0+QC0)
• If QA0+QC0 is zero, no iterations are needed. There will be no flow into or out of the middle reservoir
• Start with a reasonable guess value of hJ, find QA , QB , and QC , and iterate till continuity is satisfied at the junction
• Using the expressions for obtaining discharge for a given head loss, we may write
• , where and
• Continuity equation:
• May be solved by the Newton method: An approximate derivative could be written as

Example: The water level in three reservoirs are at 30 m, 18 m, and 9 m, respectively. The reservoirs are connected
to a junction through pipes having the following properties: L=1 km, D=30 cm,  =0.1 mm; L=500 m, D=15 cm, 
=0.2 mm; L=300 m, D=20 cm,  =0.3 mm. Estimate head at the junction and discharge through pipes. Ignore minor
losses.
Solution: We have hA=12 m, hC =−9 m. The coefficients are . Similarly, ; . With hJ=0, we get m3/s and m3/s => hJ is +ive.
Assume starting value as half of hA, i.e., 6 m. It gives m3/s and m2/s, resulting in hJ=5.041 m. Next few iterations result in
hJ=5.056, 5.055, 5.056, 5.056 m. The discharges are 0.11093, −0.02036, −0.09057 m3/s.
Notes: 1. Even if we start with a negative value for the initial guess, it will converge. Finding sign of hj is not
necessary!
2. Another type of the three-reservoir problem involves a demand at the junction, QJ (−ive). The solution procedure
is similar with continuity equation replaced by and the direction of flow for C also unknown.

and
STEADY pipe flow: Pipe Networks
• Pipe networks: Most complicated, generally requires computer-solution
• Small networks may be solved by hand-computation – Hardy Cross method
• Large networks- set of nonlinear equations
• Head loss by simpler Hazen-Williams (H-W) formula (not Darcy-Weisbach equation )
• In SI units: ; C is H-W coeff., typical values 50 to 150 (Higher C for smoother pipe)
• We will use a general form , with r indicating “pipe resistance”, which is not dependent on Q
• For hf in m and Q in m3/s, a 1 km long pipe of diameter 1 m will have r of the order of 1.
• Typical information given for a network would be the supply and demand at “nodes” (or
“junctions”) and the resistance (or, length, diameter, and roughness) of all pipes. Some nodes
may have a water-tank, therefore, head at that node is fixed. The solution provides head at all
nodes and discharge in all pipes.
• The continuity and head-loss equations are used for the solution
• Continuity implies that the algebraic sum of discharges at each node is zero
• The algebraic sum of the head-loss in all pipes in a closed “loop” should be zero
• Hardy Cross method solves the network loop-by-loop using the Newton iteration
• Software (e.g., EPANET) to solve entire network together by forming a set of nonlinear
equations

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