Lecture Notes

Fluid Mechanics
#Credits
Lecture #06B – Fluid Dynamics
(Momentum Equations)
First Semester 2023

Dar es salaam Maritime Institute

Marine Engineering Department
By Eng. Anna Msongela (Msc.)
 Lecture Outline
6.8. Impulse momentum equation
6.9. Kinetic energy and momentum correction factors (Coriolis
co-efficients
6.10. Moment of momentum equation
6.11. Vortex motion

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 The impulse-momentum equation is one of the basic tools
(other being continuity and Bernoulli’s equations) for the
solution of flow problems.
 Its application leads to the solution of problems in fluid
mechanics which cannot be solved by energy principles
alone.
 Sometimes it is used in conjunction with the energy
equation to obtain complete solution of engineering
problems.

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 The momentum equation is based on the law of
conservation of momentum or momentum principle which
states as follows:
“The net force acting on a mass of fluid is equal to change in
momentum of flow per unit time in that direction”.
As per Newton’s second law of motion,
F = ma

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 (‘m’ is taken inside the differential, being constant)
 This equation is known as momentum principle.
 It can also be written as:

This equation is known as Impulse-momentum equation.

It may be stated as follows:
“The impulse of a force F acting on a fluid mass ‘m’ in a short
interval of time dt is equal to the change of momentum d(mv) in
direction of force”.
The impulse-momentum equations are often called simply momentum
equations

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
Applications of impulse-momentum equation:
-The impulse-momentum equation is used in the following
types of problems:
1. To determine the resultant force acting on the boundary
of flow passage by a stream of fluid as the stream
changes its direction, magnitude or both.
Problems of this type are:
(i) Pipe bends,
(ii) Reducers,
(iii) Moving vanes,
(iv) Jet propulsion, etc.

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
2. To determine the characteristic of flow when there is an
abrupt change of flow section.
Problems of this type are:
(i) Sudden enlargement in a pipe,
(ii) Hydraulic jump in a channel, etc

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
Steady flow momentum equation:
 The entire flow space may be considered to be made up
of innumerable stream tubes.
 Let us consider one such stream tube lying in the X-Y
plane (Fig 6.48) and having steady flow of fluid.
 Flow can be assumed to be uniform and normal to the
inlet and outlet areas.
Let, Average velocity and density (of fluid mass)
respectively at the entrance, and
Average velocity and density respectively at the exit.

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 Further let the mass of fluid in the region 1 2 3 4 shifts to
new position 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ due to the effect of external forces
on the stream after a short interval.
 Due to gradual increase in the flow area in the direction
of flow, velocity of fluid mass and hence the momentum
is gradually reduced. Since the area 1′ 2′ 3 4 is common
to both the regions 1 2 3 4 and 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′, therefore, it will
not experience any change in momentum.
 Obviously, then the changes in momentum of the fluid
masses in the sections 1 2 2′ 1′ and 4 3 3′ 4′ will have to
be considered.
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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 According to the principle of mass conservation, Fluid
mass with the region 1 2 2′ 1′ = Fluid mass within the
region 4 3 3′ 4′

∴ Momentum of fluid mass contained in the region 1 2 2′ 1′

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 Eqn. (6.23) represents the components of the force
exerted by the pipe bend on the fluid mass. Usually, we
are interested in the forces by the fluid on the pipe bend.
 Since action and reaction are equal and opposite
(Newton’s third law of motion), the fluid mass would
exert the same force on the pipe bend but in opposite
direction and as such the force components exerted by the
fluid on the pipe bend are given as follows:

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 6.8. Impulse-Momentum Equation
 Since the dynamic forces (eqn. 6.23) must be
supplemented by the static pressure forces acting over the
inlet and outlet sections, therefore, we have:

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 Example
 In a 45° bend a rectangular air duct of cross-sectional
area is gradually reduced to area. Find the magnitude and
direction of force required to hold the duct in position if
the velocity of flow at section is 10 m/s, and pressure is .
Take the specific weight of air as .

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 Example
 In a 45° bend a rectangular air duct of cross-sectional
area is gradually reduced to area. Find the magnitude and
direction of force required to hold the duct in position if
the velocity of flow at section is 10 m/s, and pressure is .
Take the specific weight of air as .
Solution
Refer to fig next slide

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 Example
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 Example
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 Example
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 Example
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 6.9. Kinetic Energy And Momentum
Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients)
 While deriving Bernoulli’s equation, it is assumed that
the velocity distribution across a single stream tube is
uniform.
 But if there is an appreciable variation in the velocity
distribution (on account of viscous and boundary
resistance) correction factors α and β have to be applied
to obtain the exact amount of kinetic energy or
momentum available at a given cross-section.

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 6.9. Kinetic Energy And Momentum
Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients)
Kinetic energy correction factor (α):
‘Kinetic energy correction factor’ is defined as the ratio of
the kinetic energy of flow per second based on actual
velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of flow per
second based on average velocity across the same section.
It is denoted by α.

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 6.9. Kinetic Energy And Momentum
Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients)
.

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 6.9. Kinetic Energy And Momentum
Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients)
.
= 1 for uniform velocity distribution and tends to become greater
than 1 as the distribution of velocity becomes less and less
uniform.
α = 1.02 to 1.15 for turbulent flows.
α = 2 for laminar flow.
It may be noted that in most of the fluid mechanics computations,
α is taken as 1 without introducing much error, since the velocity
is a small percentage of the total head.

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 6.9. Kinetic Energy And Momentum
Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients)
Momentum correction factor (β):
‘Momentum correction factor’ is defined as the ratio of
momentum of the flow per second based on actual velocity
to the momentum of the flow per second based on average
velocity across a section. It is denoted by β.

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 6.9. Kinetic Energy And Momentum
Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients)
.

The value of β may be greater for open channel flow. In

most cases, β is taken as 1.
Note: Since majority of the flow situations are turbulent in
character, the usual practice is to assign unit value to α and
β
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 Example
The velocity distribution for turbulent flow in pipe is given
approximately by Prandtl’s one-seventh power law.

where u is the local velocity of flow at a distance y from the

pipe wall, Um is the maximum velocity at the centre line of
the pipe and is the pipe radius.
Find the following:
(i) Average velocity,
(ii) Kinetic energy correction factor, and
(iii) Momentum correction factor
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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 6.10. Moment of Momentum Equation
 Moment of momentum equation is derived from moment
of momentum principle which states as follows:
“The resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is equal
to the rate of change of moment of momentum”.
 When the moment of momentum of flow leaving a
control volume is different from that entering it, the result
is a torque acting over the control volume.
Let,

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 6.10. Moment of Momentum Equation
.

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 Example
Fig. below shows an unsymmetrical sprinkler. It has a
frictionless shaft and equal flow through each nozzle with a
velocity of 8 m/s relative to the nozzle. Find the speed of
rotation in r.p.m.

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 Example
Solution

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 Example
Speed of rotaiton, N (r.p.m.):
The moment of momentum of the fluid entering sprinkler is
given zero and also there is no external torque applied on
the sprinkler.
Hence resultant torque is zero, i.e. T = 0

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 Example
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
 Vortex motion is defined as a motion in which the whole
fluid mass rotates about an axis.
 A mass of fluid in rotation about a fixed axis is called
vortex.
 A vortex motion is characterised by a flow pattern
wherein the stream lines are curved.
 When fluid flows between curved stream lines,
centrifugal forces are set up and these are counter-
balanced by the pressure force acting in the radial
direction.
 The vortex flow is of the following types: 1. Forced
vortex flow, and 2. Free vortex flow.
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.1 Forced Vortex
 Flow Forced vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass is
made to rotate by means of some external agency.
 The external agency is generally the mechanical power
which imparts a constant torque on the fluid mass.
 Then, in such a flow there is always expenditure of
energy.
 The forced vortex motion is also called flywheel vortex
or rotational vortex.
 In this type of flow, the fluid mass rotates at a constant
angular velocity ω.
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
 The tangential velocity of any fluid particle is given by:

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
 Example:
1. Rotation of water through the runner of a turbine.
2. Rotation of liquid inside the impeller of a centrifugal
pump.
3. Rotation of liquid in a vertical cylinder (Fig. 6.64).

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.2 Free Vortex Flow
 Free vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass rotates
without any external impressed contact force.
 The whole fluid mass rotates either due to fluid pressure
itself or the gravity or due to rotation previously
imparted.
 The free vortex motion is also called potential vortex or
irrotational vortex.

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
Example:
1. Flow around a circular bend.
2. A whirlpool in a river.
3. Flow of liquid in a centrifugal pump casing after it has
left the impeller.
4. Flow of water in a turbine casing before it enters the
guide vanes.
5. Flow of liquid through a hole/outlet provided at the
bottom of a shallow vessel (e.g., wash basin, bath tub, etc.)

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
 In free vortex the relation between velocity and radius is
obtained by putting the value of external torque equal to
zero, or, the time rate change of angular momentum (i.e.,
moment of momentum) must be zero.
 Let us consider a particle of mass m at a radius distance r
from the axis of rotation, having a tangential velocity, v.
Then:

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 6.11 Vortex Motion

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.3. Equation of Motion for Vortex Flow.
Refer to Fig. 6.65. ABCD is fluid element rotating at a
uniform velocity in a horizontal plane about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of paper and passing through 0.

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.4. Equation of Forced Vortex Flow
In case of forced vortex flow

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.4. Equation of Forced Vortex Flow

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.4. Equation of Forced Vortex Flow

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6.11.4. Equation of Forced Vortex Flow

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 Example
A cylindrical tank 0.9 m in diameter and 2 m high open at
top is filled with water to a depth of 1.5 m. It is rotated
about its vertical axis at N. r.p.m. Determine the value of N
which will raise water level even with the brim.

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 Example
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 Example
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 6.11 Vortex Motion
6 .11.5. Rotation of Liquid in a Closed Cylindrical Vessel
When a cylindrical vessel sealed at the top and filled with
some liquid is rotated about its vertical geometrical axis, the
shape of paraboloid formed due to rotation of the vessel
will be as shown in Fig 6.72 for different speeds of rotation.

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 6.11 Vortex Motion
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 Example
A cylindrical vessel closed at the top and bottom is 0.24 m
in diameter,1.44 m long and contains water up to height of
0.96 m.
(i) Find the height of paraboloid formed, if it is rotated at
480 r.p.m about its vertical axis.
(ii) Find the speed of rotation of the vessel, when axial
depth of water is zero.

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 Example
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 Example
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 Example
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 Example
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 -End-

Thank You

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