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Dental Chemistry

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15 views17 pages

Dental Chemistry

Uploaded by

jjjoky812
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dental Chemistry

Dr. Muthana A. Al-Shemeri

PhD Clinical Biochemistry


College of Medicine,
Otago University,
New Zealand
Dental Chemistry
Introduction to Dental Chemistry

When a person thinks of a doctor, they often think of biology.


While it’s true that biology is the major foundation for the
medical field, it’s important to remember the roles chemistry play
in medicine. Understanding chemistry is a pillar of dental
comprehension which helps us to accurately and predictably
achieve successful results.
Over the coming months, we’ll look at the chemistry of dentistry.

Don’t worry, I’ll keep it short and simple and focus


‫‪Alloy‬‬ ‫السبيكة او القالب‬

‫تجويف الفم ‪Oral cavity‬‬


‫التآكل او الصدأ ‪Corrosion‬‬
Lec. 1, 1st Sem.
Chemical elements in dentistry

Vertical columns of the table are called groups of elements; each containing has similar
chemical properties.
The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods
Atomic size Atomic size: Along each period of
the table from left to right, atomic
size generally decrease because the
additional electrons into the same
shell due to the increasing nuclear
charge. Moving down a group,
atomic size increases due to the
additional energy levels, which are
further away from the nucleus
Valency:
‫التكافؤ‬
The number of valence electrons determines
the valency of element. For main group, the
valency is either equal to the number of
valence electrons or eight minus the number
of valence electrons while in the same
group, the valency is not differ. For
example, in period 2, the valency increases
from 1 to 4 and then decreases to 1 as
follow:
Chemical bonds:
There are several types of chemical bonds and they can be divided
into strong bonds such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds and
weak bonds such as hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole
interactions.
Ionic bonds
They are formed when an electron of one element is given
completely to another element forming the bond. In dental materials,
ionic bonds are often formed between electron donating metal and
nonmetal. Ionic bonds are common in dental ceramics and are
among the strongest type of bond.
Elements in dentistry

Metals
In dentistry, metals are subdivided into two major
groups: noble metals and base metals.

Noble metals are defined by their resistance to


corrosion even under extreme conditions that occur in
the oral cavity. There are seven noble metals in the
periodic table, but only three are common in dental
casting alloys: gold (Au), palladium (Pd) and platinum
(Pt). Noble metals have been used for inlays, crowns
and fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) because of their
resistance to corrosion in the mouth.
Elements in dentistry

Base metals:
These metals are used in dental casting alloys,
common base metals are titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni),
copper (Cu), silver (Ag), cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn).
Base metals are required in alloys to ensure the
strength, flexibility and wear resistance that are
necessary for dental restorations.
However, in pure form, base metals have a greater
tendency to corrode in the oral environment than noble
metals. For this reason, pure base metals are almost
never used for dental )restorations (‫تصنيع‬except
titanium which is used in nearly pure form
for )endosseous (‫داخلي‬implants.
Copper, silver and zinc are common base metals used in
dental )casting alloys (‫قالب الصب‬. Copper addition is hardening
the alloys of gold/palladium through a phenomenon called solid
solution hardening. Alloys with nickel or cobalt as the most
common component are increasingly common because of the low
cost of these elements.
None metals:
Most elements used in dental alloys or solders are metals, but
nonmetals also play important roles. For example, carbon is
sometimes added to alloys in small amounts(less than 1%) to
strengthen the alloy (e,g., carbon steel)
Crystal structure / crystalline materials

If the atoms or ions of a solid are arranged in


a pattern that repeats itself in three
dimensions, they form a solid crystal structure
and is referred to as a crystalline solid or
crystalline material. Examples of crystalline
materials are metals, alloys, and some
ceramic materials.
There are 14 bravais lattices which can be classified into seven
crystal systems on the basis of their external dimensions as seen
below: (Figure for viewing only(
Dental alloys

Have a crystal structure like ice, sugar and salt.


When water freezes, microscopic crystals of ice
first form in the water then grow slowly in size
until the crystal is completely formed. Alloys
behave the same way, when two or more molten
metals freeze after casting, they form crystal as the
alloy cools.
Alloying is usually done to improve the
mechanical strength or corrosion resistance of the
material.
Example of crystalline alloys- gold/copper alloy:
The relation between solid Solubility and the performance of dental
alloys:
In the alloys, solid solubility refers to the ability of a
foreign element to dissolve in the host element crystal,
so that means, the greater amount of element represents
the )solvent (‫( المذيب‬host crystal) and the small
amount of element represent the )solute .(‫المذاب‬

Several factors influence the solid solubility such as:

1- Atomic size difference:


2- Crystal structure:
3- Chemical affinity:
4- Relative valency factor:
5- Electronegativity:
Cross-reactivity allergic

Allergic to various substances can occur


simultaneously. a cross-sensitivity is assumed if
allergies to chemically- related substances occur in a
patient. Examples are nickel and palladium, which
belong to the same group in the periodic table of
elements. Patients who suffer from an allergy to nickel
are very often also allergic to palladium.
This must be kept in mind if palladium containing
alloys are used for restorative purposes.
Dental amalgam:

It is an alloy of mercury with silver and tin


as mainly metals and with varying amounts of
copper, zinc and other minor constituents such
as indium and palladium. Dental amalgam
alloys are mainly of two types,
low copper and high copper alloys.
Thank You

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next week

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