LESSON 2:

NATION AND
NATIONALISM
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 define nationalism in relation to
the concepts of nation, state and
nation-state;

 appraise the development of

nationalism in the country; and

 explain the relevance of

nationalism and nation-building
at present.
 VOCABULARY
Bayan/banua- indigenous Filipino concepts of community and
territory may be related to nationalism

Nation- a group of people with shared language, culture and history

Nation-building- a project undertaken with the goal of

strengthening the bond of the nation

Nation-state- a state ruling over a nation

Patriotism- a feeling of attachment to one’s homeland

Sovereignty- the authority to govern a polity without external

inference/incursions
NATION, NATION-STATE, STATE
 NATION NATION-STATE STATE

A group of people
that shares a
common culture,
A political entity
history,
that wields
language, and A state governing
sovereignty over
other practices nation
a defined
like religion,
territory
affinity to a
place, etc.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATES
 1. COMMUNITY
 State is a community of persons. It is a human political
institution. Without a population there can be no State.
Population can be more or less but it has to be there.

 The people living in the State are the citizens of the State.
They enjoy rights and freedom as citizens as well as
perform several duties towards the State.

 When citizens of another State are living in the territory of

the State, they are called aliens. All the persons, citizens
as well as aliens, who are living in the territory of the State
are duty bound to obey the state laws and policies.
 1. COMMUNITY
 The State exercises supreme authority over them through
its government.

 There is no definite limit for the size of population

essential for a State. However, it is recognized that
the population should be neither too large nor very
small. It has to be within a reasonable limit.

 It should be determined on the basis of the size of the

territory of the State, the available resources, the
standard of living expected and needs of defense,
production of goods and supplies.
 2. TERRITORY
 Territory is the second essential element of the State. State
is a territorial unit.

 Definite territory is its essential component.

 A State cannot exist in the air or at sea. It is essentially a

territorial State.

 The size of the territory of a State can be big or small;

nevertheless it has to be a definite, well-marked portion of
territory.
 2. TERRITORY

 The whole territory of the state is under the sovereignty or

supreme power of the State.

 All persons, organizations, associations, institutions and places

located within its territory are under the sovereign jurisdiction of
the State.

 The territory of the states includes: aerial, terrestrial, fluvial,

and maritime
How can be2.
theTERRITORY
state acquired its
territory?

1. Effective Occupation

 Effective occupation is the control of free newly discovered

territory exercised by a power with no sovereign title to the land,
whether in defiance or absence of a proper sovereign.

 The modern international law of the acquisition (or attribution) of

territory generally requires that there be: an intentional display of
power and authority over the territory, by the exercise of
jurisdiction and state functions, on a continuous and peaceful
basis.
2. Prescription

Prescription is related to occupation, and refers to the

acquisition of sovereignty by way of the actual exercise of
sovereignty, maintained for a reasonable period of time, that is
effected without objection from other states.
 There was no rule laid down as regards the length of time or other
circumstances necessary to create such a title by prescription.

 The conditions differ from case to case basis.

 As long as other states keep up protests and claims, the actual

exercise of sovereignty isn’t disturbed, nor is there the general
conviction that the present condition of things is in conformity
with international order.
3. Conquest

 Direct annexation, the acquisition of territory by way of force, was

historically recognized as a lawful method for acquiring
sovereignty over newly acquired territory before the mid-1700s.

 By the end of the Napoleonic period, however, invasion and

annexation ceased to be recognized by international law and were
no longer accepted as a means of territorial acquisition.
4. Cession

 A state may acquire sovereignty over territory if that sovereignty

is ceded (transferred) to it by another state. Cession is typically
effected by treaty.

 A lot of times cession is an outcome of peaceable negotiation or

war, and maybe without compensation although certain duties
could be imposed in the acquiring state.

 Such cessions are agreed upon by the interested states for

different motives and for different purposes, like a gift or voluntary
merger.
5. Acretion

 Accretion refers to the physical expansion of an existing territory

through geological processes, such as alluvion (the deposit of
sediment) or vulcanism.

Alluvion-is an accession of land washed up on the seashore

or river bank by a gradual process of sedimentation or
suddenly when a stream washes one bank and carries it over
to the other bank.

 In such cases, the state gets a claim over the extra territory it has
gained. Abandoned river beds occur when a river suddenly dries
up leaving the bed dry and empty
 3. GOVERNMENT

 Government is the organization or machinery or agency or

magistracy of the State which makes, implements, enforces and
adjudicates the laws of the state.

 Government is the third essential element of the State. The state

exercises its sovereign power through its government.

 Two functions of the government:

 Constituents
 Ministrants-
 Two functions of the government:

1. Constituent functions are those which constitute the

very bonds of society and are compulsory in nature.

Examples:
a. keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and
property;
b. the fixing of the legal relations between man and wife, and
between parents and child;
c. the regulation of property and the determination of contract
rights;
d. the definition and punishment of crime, the administration of
justice, the determination of political duties, privileges, and
relations of citizens, dealings of the state with foreign powers, the
preservation of the state from external danger and the
advancement of international interest.
 Two functions of the government:

2. Ministrant functions are those that are undertaken

only by way of advancing the general interests of society and are
merely optional.

Examples:
a. public works
b. public education,
c. public charity,
d. health and safety regulations; and
e. regulations of trade and industry
 Three branches of the Phil. government:

1. The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and

repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress.
This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of
Representatives.

2. The Executive branch carries out laws. It is composed of the

President and the Vice President who are elected by direct
popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants
the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments
form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
3. The Judicial branch evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle
controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and
enforceable.

This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave

abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the
part and instrumentality of the government.

It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts (Court of

Appeals and Sandigan Bayan).
 4. SOVEREIGNTY
 Sovereignty is the most exclusive element of State. State alone
posses sovereignty. Without sovereignty no state can exit.

 Some institutions can have the first three elements (Population

Territory and Government) but not sovereignty.

 State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme

power over all its people and territory.

 In fact, Sovereignty is the basis on which the State regulates all

aspects of the life of the people living in its territory.
 4. SOVEREIGNTY

As the supreme power of the State, Sovereignty has two

dimensions:

1Internal Sovereignty:
It means the power of the State to order and regulate the activities
of all the people, groups and institutions which are at work within its
territory. All these institutions always act in accordance with the laws
of the State. The State can punish them for every violation of any of
its laws.
 4. SOVEREIGNTY
2. External Sovereingty - It means complete independence of the
State from external control. It also means the full freedom of the
State to participate in the activities of the community of nations.
Each state has the sovereign power to formulate and act on the
basis of its independent foreign policy.

 No State can really become a State without sovereignty.

 Sovereignty permanently, exclusively and absolutely belongs to
the State.
 End of sovereignty means end of the State.
 That is why sovereignty is accepted as the exclusive property and
hallmark of the State.
NATIONALISM
 NATIONALISM

• Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty,

devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and
holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or
group interests.

• Nationalism connects individuals to the state.

• Nationalism connects individuals

 They become sentimentally attached to the homeland
 They gain a sense of identity and self-esteem through
their national identification
 They are motivated to help their fellow nationals and
country

• Nationalism is a “process”
 THEORIES OF NATIONALISM

1. Primordialism.

• This theory argues that a national identity has always existed and
nations have “ethnic cores”. This traces the root of the nation
and national identity to existing and deep-rooted features of a
group of people like race, language, religion, and others.
 THEORIES OF NATIONALISM

2. Modernity

• This second theory states that nation, national identity, and

nationalism are products of modern condition and are shaped by
modernity. This line of thinking suggests that nationalism and
national identity are necessary products of social structure and
culture brought about by the emergence of capitalism,
industrialization, secularization, urbanization, and
bureaucratization.
 THEORIES OF NATIONALISM

3. Constructivist Approach

• The third theory – a very influential explanation- about a nation

and nationalism maintains that these ideas are discursive.

• It is an approach to understanding nationalism, this view

maintains that nationalism is socially constructed and imagined
by people who identify with a group.

• Benedict Anderson argues that nations are “imagined

communities” (2003). With this imagined community comes a
“deep, horizontal comradeship” that maintains
harmonious co-existence and even fuels the willingness of
the people to fight and die for that nation. .
NATION AND BAYAN
• Many Filipino scholars who want to understand
indigenous/local knowledge have identified concepts that
relate to how Filipinos understand the notions of
community and, to an extent, nation and nation-building.

• The indigenous intellectual movements like Sikolohiyang

Pilipino and Bagong Kasaysayan introduced the
concepts of kapwa and bayan that can enrich the
discussions about nationalism in the context of the
Philippines.
Kapwa

• is an important concept in the country's social relations.

Filipino interaction is mediated by understanding one's affinity
with another as described by the phrases "ibang tao” and “di
ibang tao“.

• In the formation and strengthenıng of social relations, the kapwa

concept supports the notion ot unity and harmony in a
community.

• From this central concept arise other notions such as

“pakikıpagkapwa," "pakikısama, and "pakikipag-ugnay," as
well as the collective orientation of Filipino culture and psyche.
Bayan

 The bayan is an important indigenous concept. Bayan/Banua,

which can be traced all the way to the Austronesian language
family, is loosely defined as the territory where the people
live or the actual community they are identifying with.

 Thus, bayan/banua encompasses both the spatial community

as well as the imagined community.

 The proponents of Pantayong Pananaw maintain the exıstence of

a great culturaI divide that separated the elite (nación) and the
folk/masses (bayan) as a product of the colonial experience. This
issue bring the project of nation-building to a contested terrain.
 Throughout Philippine history, the challenge of building the
Filipino nation has persisted, impacted by colonialism, violent
invasion during World War I1, a dictatorship, and the perennial
struggle for development.

 The succeeding chapters will look into the life and works of José
Rizal and through them, try to map how historical events shaped
the national hero's understanding of the nation and nationalism.
THE END!
Thank you for listening….