The Particle

Nature of
Matter
Matter
1. THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER
 What is matter made of?
 How does the particle model of matter explain some observed
properties and changes in matter?
2. ATOMS: INSIDE OUT
 What makes up an atom?
 How do these components differ from each other?
 How are these components arranged inside the atom?
 How is an atom different from an ion?
TOPICS
3. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
 How did the Periodic Table develop?
 What information about elements can be obtained from this
organizing tool?
Review
1. What is matter?
 Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
2. What is mass?
 The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of
matter the object has.
3. What is volume?
 The measure of the space occupied by an object is
called volume.
MATTER
 Everything we see or even not seen in the universe is
matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass. Leaves, human hearts, toys, flour, smoke, and air are
examples of matter because they occupy space and have
mass. Light and sound are not examples of matter since
they do not occupy space nor have mass.
 Matter is made of tiny particles. These particles are
arranged depending on their states. The arrangement of
particles of each state gives matter its own unique
properties.
States of Matter
 State of matter is one of the distinct forms in which
matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable
in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many
intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid
crystal, and some states only exist under extreme
conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates,
neutron-degenerate matter, and quark– gluon plasma,
which only occur, respectively, in situations of extreme
cold, extreme density, and extremely high energy.
 Plasma is an electrically charged gas. Because plasma particles have an
electrical charge, they are affected by electrical and magnetic fields. This
is the main difference between a gas and a plasma.
 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), a state of matter in which separate
atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero (0 K, − 273.15
°C, or − 459.67 °F), coalesce into a single quantum mechanical entity—
that is, one that can be described by a wave function—on a near-
macroscopic scale.
 Neutron degenerate matter is a term for the neutron-rich material
within a neutron star in which nuclei have broken into their nucleons due
to the high density.
 Quark–gluon plasma is a state of matter in which the elementary
particles that make up the hadrons of baryonic matter are freed of their
strong attraction for one another under extremely high energy densities.
Particle Models of the Three States of Matter
 Solids,liquids, and gases are all made up of particles but
the behaviors of these particles differ in the three states.
The following figures illustrate the molecular arrangement
and microscopic differences.
SOLID
 Ithas definite shape and
volume.
PARTICLES IN SOLID STATE
 The particles in a solid are packed in a regular arrangement. There
are very small spaces between the particles in a solid.
 Particles are held together by forces of attraction. In solids, these
forces are strong enough to hold the particles firmly in position.
 The particles in a solid move a little bit. They vibrate in their fixed
positions. The more energy the particles have, the faster and more
strongly they vibrate.
 The particles in solids are closely packed and have strong forces
between them which explains why solids have a fixed shape and
you cannot compress them.
LIQUID
 Ithas a definite volume
and takes the shape of
the container.
PARTICLES IN LIQUID STATE
 Theparticles in a liquid have small spaces between
them, but not as small as in solids.
 Theparticles in a liquid are loosely arranged which
means they do not have a fixed shape like solids, but
they rather take the shape of the container they are in.
 The speed at which the particles move around inside
the liquid depends on the energy of the particles.
When we heat a liquid, we are giving the particles
more energy and speeding them up.
GAS
 Ittakes the volume and
shape of the container.
PARTICLES IN GASEOUS STATE
 Gas particles move very fast, much faster than in
solids and liquids. The particles in a gas possess a lot
of energy.
 In gases, the forces between particles are very weak.
This explains why the particles in gases are not neatly
arranged. They are not held together tightly and there
are large spaces between them. These spaces are much
larger than in the solid and liquid state.
 Gases can be compressed because their particles can
be forced closer together.
Particle Model Of Matter
 Matter is made up of tiny particles.
 Particles of matter are moving all the time.
 These particles have spaces between them.
 The particles of matter attract each other.
Phase Change
Matter undergoes phase changes. The
phase change is a change from one state
to another without changing the
chemical composition of a substance.
There are six phase changes that matter
can undergo.
Phase Change
 Melting is the change of matter from solid state to a
liquid state. When liquid state changes back to a solid
state, this phase change is called freezing/ solidification.
Evaporation is changing matter from the liquid state to
gas state, while condensation is the change from the
gaseous state to liquid state. When solid state directly
changes to gas without passing the liquid state, it is called
sublimation. In addition, deposition is the change from a
gaseous state directly to solid state.
Phase Changes Using the Particle Model of
Matter
Phase Changes Using the Particle Model of
Matter
 Increasing the temperature will result in the increase of kinetic
energy (motion) of particles and this will affect the current
arrangement of the particles in solid, liquid and gas. As the
temperature and the kinetic energy are both increase, the tiny
particles move, resulting to a farther distance between the
particles.
 Decreasing the temperature will result in the decrease of
kinetic energy (motion) of particles, leading to a closer
distance between the particles. The lower the temperature and
the kinetic energy, the closer the particles are together.
PHYSICAL CHANGE
 A physical change is something that changes the physical properties of a
substance – as size, shape or form. Cutting a piece of cloth is an example
of a physical change.
 Another type of physical change involves – changing state of matter and
water is a great example of this. Ice melts and becomes water, and water
evaporates to become steam. But not matter its form, the water is still
water. One way we can tell this is a physical change is that the change
can be undone. Water vapor can condense back into liquid water, and
liquid water can be frozen back into ice without changing to a different
substance.
 Physical changes do not form a new substance. A physical change may
change the shape or size of the object. It may change the state of a
substance or matter.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Chemical changes occur when the particles of two or more substances are
rearranged to form a new substance. For example, when you burn wood.
 Chemical changes take place around us. Metal rusting, fireworks
exploding, fruit ripening, and digesting food are all examples of chemical
changes.
 Chemical changes always form a new substance. They may absorb or
release heat. Sometimes, chemical change may change in color, produce
an odor, create a sound, release gases, or produce light. Chemical
changes cannot be undone.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
 A chemical change is an irreversible chemical reaction where in a material
change into 1or more new substances with new set of properties accompanied
by energy change.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Chemical change occurs in a much smaller scale- at the
molecular level. It involves the forming or breaking, or the
breaking and forming of new chemical bonds forming
substances with a set of new properties. Chemical change
involves a change in the chemical composition of the
substance.