SKELETAL SYSTEM

CONSIST OF:
1. BONES - osseous tissue, is a
hard, dense connective tissue
that forms most of the adult
skeleton, the support structure
of the body.
2. CARTILAGE : a semi-rigid form of
connective tissue, provides
flexibility and smooth surfaces
for movement
3. LIGAMENTS: connective tissues
in between bones
4. JOINTS: ________________
______________________
 Function of Skeletal System

1. Supports the body

2. Facilitate movement
3. Protection of internal
organs
4. Produces blood cells
5. __________________
_________________
 BONES
• Hard dense connective
tissues that forms most of
the adult skeleton. It is the
support structure of the
body
• The human skeleton
contains 206 bones divided
into two major divisions:
• Axial bones are bones on the
midline like the bones of the
head, neck, chest and back
• Forms the vertical central
axis of the body and serves
to protect the brain, spinal
cord, heart ad lungs
• Total of _______________.
• Appendicular
bones include the
bones of the upper
and lower limbs
plus the bones
attached to each
limb.
• Total of ________.
Classification of Bones
• Long bones-Cylinder-like
shape, longer than it is
wide These bones have a
shaft and ends. Ex:
_______________
_____________

• Short bones-Cube-like
shape, approximately
equal in length, width, and
thickness. Small and
cubical shaped- Ex:
__________________
• Irregular bones- complex
shape vertebrae,
mandible, facial bones

• Sesamoid bones- bones

embedded in the
tendons. Small and
rounds. Ex:__________

• Flat bones- with spongy

bones inside. Thin and
curved. Ex: __________
____________________
• Long bones have a
diaphysis ( shaft)
and epiphysis (ends)
Bones consist of
layers of calcified
matrix occupied by
bone cells.
The outer layer of
bone is composed of
dense compact bone
(cortical bone)
The inner layer is
composed of
_________________
___________
 Bone Structure
• Blood supply of bones
reaches by way of
arterioles in the
__________________.

• Bone formation can be

from the cartilage and
from the membrane
 BONE CELLS
1. _______________________
• Develop into osteoblasts
• Deep layers of the periosteum and
the marrow.

2. Osteoblasts
• Bone formation
• Growing portions of bone,
including periosteum and
endosteum

3. _________________________
• Maintain mineral concentration of
matrix

4. Osteoclasts
• Bone resorption
• Bone surfaces and at sites of old,
injured, or unneeded bone
 Bone Ossification
• Ossification is the
formation of bone by
the __________. This
involves the
mineralization of
bones from a
cartilage
(endochondral) and
from a fibrous
membrane.
(intramembranous).
 Bone Remodeling
• Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bones by cells called
osteoclasts and deposition of new bones by the osteoblasts.
• Bone is the major storage of ______________
• If calcium levels in the blood falls, it is removed from the bone
 Bone repair
• When a bone is broken, blood vessels are also
damaged clot
• 2-3 days after injury, blood vessels and cells
invade the blood clot callus formation
• Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin to form
a spongy bone
• Immobilization of the bone is required
because the delicate new matrix of bone is
easily damaged by excessive movement
 • NUTRIENTS AND BONE HEALTH

• Calcium: Needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium

carbonate, which form the hydroxyapatite crystals that
give bone its hardness.
• Vitamin D Needed for calcium absorption
• __________________ Supports bone mineralization;
may have synergistic effect with vitamin D
• Magnesium Structural component of bone Fluoride
Structural component of bone
• ______________________ Reduces inflammation that
may interfere with osteoblast function
 Hormones That Affect the Skeletal System

1._______________ Increases length of long bones,

enhances mineralization, and improves bone
density

2.Thyroxine Stimulates bone growth and promotes

synthesis of bone matrix

3._________________ Promote osteoblastic

activity and production of bone matrix;
responsible for adolescent growth spurt;
 Hormones That Affect the Skeletal System

4. ________________:Stimulates absorption of
calcium and phosphate from digestive tract
5. Parathyroid hormone Stimulates osteoclast
proliferation and resorption of bone by
osteoclasts; promotes reabsorption of calcium by
kidney tubules; indirectly increases calcium
absorption by small intestine.
6. ______________: Inhibits osteoclast activity and
stimulates calcium uptake by bones
 Fracture and Bone Repair
Fractured bones may be repaired by closed reduction or open reduction.

Fractures are classified by their complexity, location, and other features.

Common types of fractures are transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted,

impacted, greenstick, open (or compound), and closed (or simple).

Healing of fractures begins with the formation of a hematoma, followed

by internal and external callus.

Osteoclasts resorb dead bone, while osteoblasts create new bone that
replaces the cartilage in the calli. The calli eventually unite, remodelling
occurs, and healing is complete.
Fig. 6.8
 The Skull
• Skeleton of the head (brain case
and facial bones)
• Brain case: _______________
_________________________
• Facial bones: supports the facial
structure and the jaws

• Made of 22 bones
• 8 Cranial bones , 14 Facial Bones
– Frontal
– Parietal 2
– Temporal 2
– Occipital
Facial bones The Skull
• Maxilla (2)
• Mandible –
_____________
• Zygomatic (2)
• Nasal (2)
• Vomer
• Palatine (2)
• Lacrimal (2)
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
 The paranasal sinuses
• These are air-filled cavities in the facial
bones surrounding the nose and open into
the nasal cavity
• They decrease the weight of the skull and
act as resonator of sounds
• __________________________________
Frontal Sinus: most anterior
paranasal sinus

Maxillary Sinus: largest

paranasal sinuses

Sphenoid Sinus: midline sinus

Ethmoid : ____________
_____________________
 The Vertebrae
• Forms the neck and back
• Composed of 32-33 bones
• _________________
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 3-4 coccygeal
 Functions of the vertebrae
• 1. Supports the weight of the head and
trunk
• 2. Protects the spinal cord
• 3. Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal
cord
• 4. Provides a site for muscle attachment
• 5.
___________________________________
__________________________
 The Cervical Vertebrae
• 7 in number
• C1- atlas
• C2- axis
• C7- ___________
• __________
• Atlas and occipital
bone=
“yes” motion
• Atlas and Axis=
“no” motion
 The Thorax / Thoracic cage
• Made up of the sternum and
ribs
• The sternum has 3 parts
– Manubrium
– Body
– _____________________
– The slight elevation in the
sternum is called the
Sternal Angle of Louis. It
identifies the location of
the second rib
 The Ribs
• The ribs are
12 pairs
– True ribs=
1-7
– False ribs=
8-10
– _________
________
 The shoulder
• The ______________
______________constitute the
shoulder

• The clavicle
– Articulates with the sternum
– Most commonly fracture
bone
• The Scapulae
– Attached to the ribs and
vertebrae by muscles only
– Has an acromion process,
where the clavicle attaches
 The Upper extremity
• Composed of the
following bones

• Humerus
• Ulna
• Radius
• Carpals (wrist bones)
• Metacarpals
• ________________
The pelvic girdle
• Composed of the 3
fused bones- ______
• ________________
• Constitute the hip
bone
• Pelvis: entire
structure of two hip
bones, sacrum and
coccyx
• Ilium: superior • Pubis: forms the
region that forms the anterior portion of
largest part of the the hip bone
hip bone
• __________ forms
the posterolateral
part of the hip bone
 Function of pelvis
• Support the weight • Attachment point for
of the upper body the trunk and lower
when sitting limb muscles
• Transfer this weight • _____________
to the lower limbs ______________
when standing
Fig. 6.32
 Female Male

Pelvic Weight Bones of the pelvis are Bones of the pelvis are
lighter and thinner thicker and heavier

Pelvic Inlet Shape Pelvic inlet has a round or Pelvic inlet is heart-shaped
oval shape
Pelvic cavity shape Shorter and wider Longer and narrower

Sub Pubic Angle Greater than 90 degrees Less than 80 degrees

Pelvic outlet shape Pelvic outlet is rounder and Pelvic outlet is smaller
larger

Adapted for childbirth Support the male heavier

physical built and stronger
muscles
 The Lower extremity bones
Composed of the
• Thigh bones- femur
• The leg bones- Tibia and Fibula
• The ankle- tarsal bones
• The foot- ______________________
 CARTILAGE
• A dense connective
tissue that consists of
fibers embedded in a
strong, gel-like substance.
• Cartilage supports and
shapes various structures
such as the ear pinna,
intervertebral disks, ear
canal, larynx, etc.
• It serves as ________
• _________________
• Covers the end of the
bone allowing it to move
freely.
Also known as
ARTICULATIONS.

These are strong connections

that joins the teeth, bones,
and cartilage of the body to
one another.

Functional Classifications:
1. Synarthrosis: non-movable
joint
2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly
movable joint
3. Diarthrosis: ___________
___________________
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

1. Fibrous joints: consist of two bones that are

united by fibrous tissue and that exhibit little
or no movement. (radius and ulna)
2. Cartilaginous joints: unite the two bones by
means of cartilage. (bet. Ribs and Sternum)
3. Synovial Joints: are freely movable joints that
contains fluids in the cavity. This is synovial
fluid that forms a lubricating film covering the
surface of the joints.
TYPES of SYNOVIAL JOINTS
CONDYLOID
JOINTS:

Permits
movement of
two planes,
allowing flexion,
extension,
abduction,
adduction, and
_____________.
SADDLE JOINTS:

Provides stability
to the bones
while providing
more flexibility
LIGAMENTS
• Strong bands of connective tissue that attached
_________________________
• It allows some movement between bones but prevent
excessive movement