Chapter 2.

Network Models

1
LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in
our daily life. As an example, let
us consider two friends who
communicate through postal
mail. The process of sending a
letter to a friend would be
complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

2.2
Layered Tasks, Example

2.3
THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International
Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that
covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. It was
first introduced in the late 1970s.
Note:
◦ ISO is the organization.
◦ OSI is the model.
2.4
Seven layers of the OSI
model

2.5
Interfaces b/w Layers

2.6
Exchange using the OSI
Model

2.7
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.8
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for
movements of individual bits from one
hop (node) to the next.
◦ Physical characteristics of interface and
medium: pin assignment, connector, cables
◦ Representation of bits: encoding
◦ Data rate
◦ Synchronization of bits
◦ Line configuration: point-to-point, multipoint
◦ Physical topology
◦ Transmission mode: simplex, half-duplex, full-
duplex
2.9
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible
for moving frames from one hop
(node) to the next.
◦ Framing
◦ Physical addressing
◦ Flow control
◦ Error control
◦ Access control

2.10
Hop-to-hop Delivery

2.11
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible
for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to
the destination host.
◦ Logical addressing
◦ Routing

2.12
Source-to-destination
delivery

2.13
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible
for the delivery of a message
from one process to another.
◦ Service-point addressing
◦ Segmentation and reassembly
◦ Connection control
◦ Flow control
◦ Error control

2.14
Segmentation and
Reassembly

2.15
Reliable process-to-process
delivery of a message

2.16
Session layer
The session layer is responsible
for dialog
control and synchronization.

2.17
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is
responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.

2.18
Application layer
The application layer is
responsible for
providing services to the user.

2.19
Summary of layers

2.20
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
do not exactly match those in the OSI
model. The original TCP/IP protocol
suite was defined as having four
layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we
can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite
is made of five layers: physical, data
link, network, transport, and
application.
2.21
TCP/IP and OSI model

2.22
ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used
in an internet employing the
TCP/IP protocols:
◦ Physical address
 Ex. Ehternet address, machine address
◦ Logical address
 IP address
◦ Port number
◦ Specific
 URL, Email address, domain name
2.23
Network layer in TCP/IP
Address resolution
Reverse address resolution
Internet control message
Internet group message

2.24
Transport layer in TCP/IP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
◦ Connectionless, unreliable
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
◦ Connection-oriented, reliable
Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP)
◦ For supporting multimedia and VOIP

2.25
Relationship of layers and
addresses in TCP/IP

2.26
Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with
physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical
address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link (bus topology
LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address
10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address
87 is the receiver.
2.27
Physical addresses
The physical addresses will
change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually
remain the same.

2.28
TCP/IP in a Network

data data

IP IP
(1,2) (1,3)

1,2
1,2 data
data 1,3
1,3

NI NI
3487 6537
3487
data
6537

Intro to Computer Communication

ECE/IUPUI Networks 2-29
Example 2.2
As we will see in Chapter 13,
most local-area networks use a
48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
every byte (2 hexadecimal digits)
is separated by a colon, as shown
below:
◦ 07:01:02:01:2C:4B

2.30
Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet
with two routers connecting three LANs.
Each device (computer or router) has a
pair of addresses (logical and physical)
for each connection. In this case, each
computer is connected to only one link
and therefore has only one pair of
addresses. Each router, however, is
connected to three networks (only two
are shown in the figure). So each router
has three pairs of addresses, one for
each connection.
2.31
IP addresses

2.32
 TCP/IP thru a Router

data data

Host A Router Host B

IP IP IP
(1,2) (1,1) (2,3) (2,5)

1,2 1,2
data 1,2 data
2,5 data 2,5
2,5

NI NI NI NI
3487 6543 1002 3903

3487 1002
data data
6543 3903

Intro to Computer Communication

ECE/IUPUI Networks 2-33
Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers
communicating via the Internet. The
sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a,
b, and c. The receiving computer is running
two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with
process j in the receiving computer. Note
that although physical addresses change
from hop to hop, logical and port addresses
remain the same from the source to
destination.
2.34
Port addresses

2.35
Example 2.5
As we will see in Chapter 23, a
port address is a 16-bit address
represented by one decimal
number.

2.36
Server in TCP/IP
 A process waiting a packet on a specific port number
 Duplicate a connection after establishing
 Connection?
◦ 5 tuple – (PT, SA, SP, DA, DP)
 protocol type, source address, source port, destin address, destin port.
◦ A server waits on (pt, sa, sp, any-DA, any-DP)
◦ Upon a request from the client, any-DA and any-DP are filled with specific
value.
 Server Port Number – 0 to 1023 are reserved to well-known
services.
Protocol Reserved Port Comments
#
FTP 21 File Transfer
telnet 23 remote login
SMTP 25 E-mail
DNS 53 Domain name system
HTTP 80 World Wide Web

Intro to Computer Communication

ECE/IUPUI Networks 2-37
Berkeley Socket
 API – interface available to programmer
◦ socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), sendto(),
recvfrom(), htonl(), htons(), ntohl(), ntohs()
◦ Utility function - gethostbyname(), gethostbyaddr()
 Support multiple communication protocols
◦ Internet Domain
◦ Unix Domain
◦ Xerox NS Domain (XNS)
◦ ATM Domain (Recent progress in several
implementation)
 References
◦ Richard Stevens, “TCP/IP Programming”, or
◦ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_socket
Intro to Computer Communication
ECE/IUPUI Networks 2-38
Example of Protocol
 Interaction between two peer entities
 Server/Client
◦ Server – a process waiting a request
 Listening a specific port in TCP/IP
 Httpd (Apache™) , telnetd, ftpd, …
◦ Client – a process making a request
 A request to server address and the port number
 Netscape™, telnet, gftp, ws_ftp, …
 A connection in a server/client model is a 5-tuple
◦ Protocol type,
◦ Source address,
◦ Destination address
◦ Source port number,
◦ destination port number
Intro to Computer Communication
ECE/IUPUI Networks 2-39
 Example of Protocol, http
(1)
Server Client

Listening on port 80 Request to 134.68.80.4:80

Connection established
Connection established
Send a request
GET/index.html HTTP 1.0
Send a result code
HTTP/1.1 200

Read and send the file

<html> <head> … Interpret and display the html
Disconnect the connection
time

Intro to Computer Communication

ECE/IUPUI Networks 2-40
 TCP and Socket in
Client/Server
Host B (Server) Host A (Client)
socke socket
t
bind
liste
accept (blocks)
connect (blocks)
n
accept (returns)
read (blocks) connect returns
write
read (blocks)
read returns
write

read returns

8-41