Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation

(EMI)
SUBJECT CODE: BPCEC3030

PRESENTED BY:
Mr. ASHISH TIWARY
ASST. PROF.
DEPT. OF ECE
GIET UNIVERSITY GUNUPUR
Classification of the Moving Iron Instruments
There are two types of the moving iron instruments. Their detail
explanation is shown below.

1.Attraction Type
2.Repulsion Type
1.Attraction Type

The instrument in which the iron plate attracts from the weaker
field towards the stronger field such type of instrument is known
as the attraction type instrument.
Construction of Attraction Type Instrument

 The stationary coil of the attraction type instrument is flat and has a
narrow opening.
 The moving element is the flat disc of the iron core. The current flow
through the stationary coil produced the magnetic field which attracts the
iron coil.
 The iron vane deflects from the low magnetic field to the high magnetic
field, and the strength of the deflection is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the current flow through it.
 In short, we can say that the iron coil attracts towards in.
Continue…

 The attraction type instruments use spring, which provided the

controlling torque.
 The deflection of the coil is reduced by the aluminum piston
which is attached to the moving coil.
2. Repulsion Type

 The repulsion type instrument has two vanes or

iron plates. One is fixed, and the other one is
movable.
 The vanes become magnetized when the current
passes through the stationary coil and the force
of repulsion occur between them.
 Because of a repulsive force, the moving coil
starts moving away from the fixed vane.
Continue…

 The spring provides the controlling torque.

 The air friction induces the damping torque, which opposes the
movement of the coil.
 The repulsion type instrument is a non-polarized instrument, i.e.,
free from the direction of current passes through it.
 Thus, it is used for both AC and DC.
Electrodynamometer

 Electrodynamometer are considered as a transfer instrument that

may be calibrated with DC source then used without any
modification to measure AC quantity.
 Their principal use as ammeters and voltmeters in laboratory and
measurement work and as standards for calibration of other
instruments, as their accuracy is very high.
Continue…

 Electrodynamometer type instruments are used as AC voltmeters

and ammeters both in the range of power frequencies and lower
part of the audio frequency range.
 They are used as wattmeter's, varmeters and with some
modification as power factor meters and frequency meters as
well.
Construction of Electrodynamometer type instrument

1. Fixed coils

 The field is produced by a fixed coil. The fixed coil connects in series
with the load. It is considered as a current coil because the load current
flows through it. For making the construction easy the fixed coil divide
into two parts.
Continue…

1. Fixed coils

 The fixed coil produces the uniform electric field which is

essentials for the working of the instruments.
Continue…
2. Moving coils

 A single element instrument has one moving coil.

 The moving coil is wound either as a self-sustaining coil or else on a
non-metallic former.
 Light but rigid construction is used for the moving coil. It should be
noted that both fixed and moving coil are air core.
3. Control

 The controlling torque is provided by two control springs.

 These springs act as leads to then moving coil.
Continue…
4. Moving System

 The moving coil is mounted on an aluminum spindle. The

movie system also carries the counterweights and truss type
pointer.
5. Damping

Air friction damping is employed for these instruments and is

provided by a pair of aluminum vanes, attached to the spindle at
the bottom.
Continue…
6. Shielding

 The field produced by the fixed coils he is somewhat weaker than in other
types of instruments.
 It is nearly 0.005 to 0.006 Wb/m2 .
 The Earth's magnetic field may affect the readings.
 Thus it is necessary to shield and electrodynamometer type instrument
from the effect of stray magnetic fields. Air cored electrodynamometer
instruments are protected against external magnetic fields by enclosing
them in a casing of high permeability alloy.
 Use of the instrument as an ammeter

When the instrument is used as an ammeter, then same current passes through both moving coil (MC) and
fixed coils (FC) as shown in the figure below.

In this case, I1 = I2 = I,
Hence, θ ∝ I2 or I ∝ √θ
In case of heavy currents, a shunt is used to limit current through the moving
coil as shown in the figure below.

Use of the instrument as Voltmeter

When the instrument is used as a voltmeter, the fixed and moving coils are used
in series along with resistance as shown in the figure.
Here again, I1 = I2 = I,
Where I = V/R ………..D.C. circuits
and, I = V/Z…………A.C. circuits
 ∴ θ ∝ V x V or θ ∝ V2

Or, V = √θ

Ranges:
Ammeter:
i. With fixed and moving
coils in series………
0/0.01 A – 0/0.05 A

ii. With moving coil shunted

or parallel
connections………..
Upto 0/30 A.

Voltmeter:

iii. Upto 0-750 volts.

 Errors in dynamometer type instruments
1. Frictional Error
2. Temperature errors
3. Error Due to Stray Magnetic field
4. Frequency error

Advantages of Dynamometer
1. Used on both the DC as well as on AC.
2. These instruments are free from hysteresis and Eddy current errors.
3. Ammeter up to 10A and voltmeter up to 600V can be constructed with
precision grade accuracy.
4. Used as transfer and calibration instruments.
 Disadvantages of Dynamometer
1. These instruments have small torque-weight ratio so the friction error is
considerable.
2. Cost is more in comparison to moving iron and PMMC instruments.
3. They are more sensitive to overload and mechanical impact and are to be
handled with care.
4. The sensitivity of the instrument is typically very low due to poor
deflecting torque.
5. The scale is not uniform.
 Potentiometer
1. The instrument designs for measuring the unknown voltage by comparing it
with the known voltage, such type of instrument is known as the
potentiometer.
2. In other words, the potentiometer is the three terminal device used for
measuring the potential differences by manually varying the resistances.
3. A potentiometer makes use of a balance or null condition, no current flows
and hence no power consumed in the circuit containing the unknown e.m.f
when the instrument is balanced.
4. In a potentiometer, the entire input voltage is applied across the whole length
of the resistor, and the output voltage is the voltage drop between the fixed
and sliding contact as shown below.
Characteristics of Potentiometer

The following are the important characteristics of the potentiometer:

1. The potentiometer is very accurate because its works on the comparing
method rather than the deflection pointer method for determining the
unknown voltages.
2. It measures the null or balance point which does not require power for the
measurement.
3. The working of the potentiometer is free from the source resistance
because no current flows through the potentiometer when it is balanced.
Uses of a Potentiometer
1. Used to measure the EMF (electromotive force) of a given cell.

2. Used to measure the internal resistance of a cell.

3. It is used to compare the EMFs of different cells.

4. It can also use as a variable resistor in most of the applications.

5. Calibration of ammeter

6. Calibration of Voltmeter

7. Most obvious use must be for volume controls on radios and other

electronic equipment used for audio.

Why is Potentiometer chosen
over Voltmeter to measure the
potential (EMF) of a cell?

1. When we use Voltmeter, current flows through the circuit, and because of
the internal resistance of the cell, always terminal potential will be less
than the actual cell potential.
2. In this circuit, when the potential difference is balanced (using a
Galvanometer null detection), no current flows in the circuit, so the
terminal potential will be equal to the actual cell potential.
3. So we can understand that the Voltmeter measures the terminal potential
of a cell, but this measures actual cell potential.
 Simple D.C. Potentiometer-Construction

Working
Battery
current

Unknown
e.m.f

Standard cell
Simple D.C. Potentiometer
1. In its simplest form, it consists of a German Silver manganin wire usually one
meter long and stretched between two terminals as shown.
2. This wire is connected in series with a suitable rheostat and battery B which
sends a steady current through the resistance wire LM.
3. As the wire is of uniform cross section throughout, the fall in potential across
it is uniform and the drop between any two points is proportional to the
distance between them.
4. As seen, the battery voltage is spread over the rheostat and the resistance wire
LM.
5. If ‘r’ is the resistance per cm of this wire, l is the length, then for a current I
amperes, the fall in potential over the whole length of wire is Irl volts.

E = I.r.l, volts
 Working
1. The two cells whose e.m.fs. are to be compared are joined as shown in the fig.
2. The cells can be joined with the galvanometer in turn through a two-way key.
The other end of the galvanometer is connected to a movable contact on LM.
3. By this movable contact, a point like N is found when there is no current in
and hence no deflection of galvanometer G.
4. Then it means that the e.m.f. of the cell balances the potential fall LN due to
the battery current passing through it.
5. Suppose that the balance or null point for first cell of e.m.f . E 1 occurs at a
length l1 as measured from point L.
Then, E1 = Irl1 ……………………….(1)
Similarly, if the balance point is at l2 for the other cell of e.m.f. E2 occurs at
length l2,
Then, E2 = Irl2 ……………………….(2)
Dividing (1) by (2), we get;
E1 / E2 = l1 / l2

If one of the cell is a standard cell, the e.m.f. of the other cell can be found.
Q1. Using a Weston cadium cell of 1.0183 V and a standard resistance of 0.1Ω
a potentiometer was adjusted so that 1.0183 m was equivalent to the e.m.f. of
the cell; when a certain direct current was flowing through the standard
resistance, the voltage across I correspond to 150 cm. What was the value of
current?