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Lecture-3

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Lecture-3

ai

Uploaded by

mdhasemaliic
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture-3

Knowledge and Knowledge Base

Professor Dr. Dipankar


Das
Department of ICE, RU
Knowledge
• What is knowledge?
– The body of facts, Through Experience or
– Information and skill Education
– State of knowing
• Knowledge is having familiarity with
– language, concepts, procedures, rules, ideas, abstractions, places, customs, etc.
• It is used for modeling different aspects of the world
• The meaning of knowledge is closely related to the meaning of
intelligence
• Intelligent requires the possession of and access to knowledge
• To represent knowledge external to a computer or a human is in the form
of written language
• Example:
– Ramu is tall – This expresses a simple fact, an attribute possessed by a person

– Ramu loves his mother – This expresses a complex binary relation between two
Types of Knowledge
Types of Knowledge
• Declarative knowledge
– It is passive knowledge expressed as statements of
facts about the world.
– Declarative knowledge is to know about something.
– It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
– It is also called descriptive knowledge and
expressed in declarative sentences.
– It is simpler than procedural language.
– For example, personnel data in a database, such
data are explicit pieces of independent knowledge
Types of Knowledge
• Procedural knowledge
– It is compiled knowledge related to the performance of
some task.
– It is also known as imperative knowledge.
– A type of knowledge which is responsible for knowing
how to do something.
– It can be directly applied to any task.
– It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
– Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it
can be applied.
– For example, the steps used to solve an algebraic
equation
Types of Knowledge
• Meta-knowledge:
– Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is
called Meta-knowledge.
– Use to describe the knowledge about predefined
knowledge
– Used for learning purposes
Types of Knowledge
• Heuristic knowledge:
– Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of
some experts in a filed or subject.
– Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on
previous experiences, awareness of approaches,
and which are good to work but not guaranteed.
Types of Knowledge
• Structural knowledge:
– Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to
problem-solving.
– It describes relationships between various concepts
such as kind of, part of, and grouping of something.
– It describes the relationship that exists between
concepts or objects.
Belief, Hypothesis, and Knowledge
• Belief is a meaningful and coherent expression.
Thus belief may be true or false

• Hypothesis is defined as a belief which is


backed up with some supporting evidence, but
it may still be false

• Knowledge is true justified belief


Knowledge
Importance of Knowledge in AI
• Knowledge is very much important in our life. It will
help us to take decisions at a critical situation. It can
help us to improve our thinking capacity.
• Knowledge of real-worlds plays a vital role in
intelligence and same for creating artificial
intelligence.
• Knowledge plays an important role in
demonstrating intelligent behavior in AI agents.
• An agent is only able to accurately act on some
input when he has some knowledge or experience
about that input.
Knowledge Base System
Knowledge Acquisition
• The knowledge acquisition component allows
the expert to enter their knowledge, and to
refine it later as and when required.
• The knowledge acquisition process is usually
comprised of three principal stages:
– Knowledge elicitation
– Intermediate representation
– Compiled into an executable form (e.g. production
rules) that the inference engine can process.
Stages of Knowledge Acquisition
• The iterative nature of the knowledge
acquisition process can be represented in the
following diagram
The Inference Engine
• 1.Match the premise patterns of the rules against
elements in the working memory.
– Generally the rules will be domain knowledge built into
the system
• 2. If there is more than one rule that can be
applied, use a conflict resolution strategy to choose
one to apply. Stop if no further rules are applicable.
• 3. Activate the chosen rule, which generally means
adding/deleting an item to/from working memory.
Stop if a terminating condition is reached, or return
to step 1.
Knowledge Representation
• How AI agents think and how their thinking
influences their behavior.
• Describing information about the real world in
such a way that a computer can comprehend
and use it to solve difficult real-world problems
• It's also a means of describing how artificial
intelligence can represent knowledge.
• Knowledge representation is more than just
storing data in a database;
Knowledge Representation: What to
Represent?
• Object: All of the information on objects
• Events: Events are the actions that take place in our
world.
• Performance: Performance is a term used to describe
behavior.
• Meta-knowledge: Meta-knowledge is information
about what we already know.
• Facts: The truths about the real world and what we
represent are known as facts.
• Knowledge base: The knowledge base is the most
important component of knowledge-based agents.
Knowledge Representation Technique

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