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Euclid’s Algorithm

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23 views24 pages

Euclid’s Algorithm

Uploaded by

Dipanjali Kundu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSE-3203 – Design & Analysis of

Algorithm-2

Number Theory
Divisors
Let a, b and c be integers such that
a = b ·c .
Then b and c are said to divide (or are
factors) of a, while a is said to be a
multiple of b (as well as of c). The
pipe symbol “|” denotes “divides” so
the situation is summarized by:
b|a  c|a.
Divisors Examples
Q: Which of the following is true?
1. 77 | 7
2. 7 | 77
3. 24 | 24
4. 0 | 24
5. 24 | 0
Division & Remainders
31.1


Common Divisors
Greatest Common Divisor
Relatively Prime
• Let a,b be integers, not both zero. The
greatest common divisor of a and b (or
gcd(a,b) ) is the biggest number d which
divides both a and b.
• a and b are said to be relatively prime if
gcd(a,b) = 1, so no prime common divisors.
Greatest Common Divisor
Relatively Prime
Q: Find the following gcd’s:
1. gcd(11,77)
2. gcd(33,77)
3. gcd(24,36)
4. gcd(24,25)
Greatest Common Divisor
Relatively Prime
A:
1. gcd(11,77) = 11
2. gcd(33,77) = 11
3. gcd(24,36) = 12
4. gcd(24,25) = 1. Therefore 24 and 25
are relatively prime.
NOTE: A prime number are relatively
prime to all other numbers which it
doesn’t divide.
Greatest Common Divisor
Relatively Prime
EG: More realistic. Find gcd(98,420).
Find prime decomposition of each number
and find all the common factors:
98 = 2·49 = 2·7·7
420 = 2·210 = 2·2·105 = 2·2·3·35
= 2·2·3·5·7
Underline common factors: 2·7·7,
2·2·3·5·7
Therefore, gcd(98,420) = 14
Greatest Common Divisor
The GCD and Linear Combinations
Theorem 31.2:
If a and b are integers not both 0, then
gcd(a, b) is the smallest positive element of the set {ax
+ by : x, y are integers} of linear combinations of a
and b.
The GCD and Linear Combinations (2)
Corollaries:
For any integers a and b, if d|a and d|b then
d|gcd(a, b).
For all integers a and b and any nonegative integer n,
gcd(an, bn) = n gcd(a, b).
For all positive integers n, a, and b, if n|ab and
gcd(a, n) = 1, then n|b.
Relatively Prime Integers
Two integers a and b are relatively prime if and only if
their only common divisor is 1
(i.e., gcd(a, b) = 1).
Theorem 31.6:
For any integers a, b, and p, if both
gcd(a, p) = 1 and gcd(b, p) = 1, then
gcd(ab, p) = 1.
Divisibility by Primes
Theorem 31.7:
For all primes p and all integers a, b, if p|ab, then p|a
or p|b (or both).
The Unique Factorization Theorem
Theorem 31.8 (Unique Factorization):
A composite number a can be written in exactly one
way as a product of the form
e1 e2 er
a  p p ... p
1 2 r

where the pi are prime, p1 < p2 < …< pr, and the ei
are positive integers.
The GCD Recursion Theorem
Theorem 31.9 (GCD recursion theorem):
For any nonnegative integer a and any positive integer
b,

gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, a mod b).


Euclid’s Algorithm – Finding
GCD
 Based on the following theorem
 gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, a mod b)
 Proof
 If d = gcd(a, b), then d|a and d|b
 For any positive integer b, a = kb + r ≡ r mod b, a mod b = r

 a mod b = a – kb (for some integer k)


 because d|b, d|kb
 because d|a, d|(a mod b)

∴ d is a common divisor of b and (a mod b)


 Conversely, if d is a common divisor of b and (a mod b), then
d|kb and d|[ kb+(a mod b)]
 d|[ kb+(a mod b)] = d|a
∴ Set of common divisors of a and b is equal to the set of
common divisors of b and (a mod b)
 ex) gcd(18,12) = gcd(12,6) = gcd(6,0) = 6
gcd(11,10) = gcd(10,1) = gcd(1,0) = 1
Euclid’s GCD Algorithm
Euclid(a, b):
if (b == 0)
return a
else
return Euclid(b, a mod b)
Euclid’s Algorithm – Finding
GCD
 Recursive algorithm
Function Euclid (a, b) /* assume a  b  0
*/
if b = 0 then return a
else return Euclid(b, a mod b)
 Iterative algorithm
Euclid(d, f) /* assume d > f > 0
*/
1. X  d; Y  f
2. if Y=0 return X = gcd(d, f)
3. R = X mod Y
4. X  Y
5. Y  R
6. goto 2
Euclid’s Algorithm Example
Euclid(1155, 546) =
Euclid(546, 63) =
Euclid(63, 42) =
Euclid(42, 21) =
Euclid(21, 0)

The gcd of 1155 and 546 is 21.


Properties of Euclid’s Algorithm
Since the second argument is monotonically
decreasing, and the gcd is positive, the algorithm
terminates.
Extended Euclidean
Algorithm
You are given two integer number a and
b. Find integer coefficients x and y such
that
d=gcd(a, b) = ax+by
The extended Euclidean algorithm works
the same as the regular Euclidean
algorithm except that we keep track of
more details –namely the quotient q = a/b
in addition to the remainder r = a mod b.
This allows us to backtrack and write the
gcd(a,b) as a linear combination of a and
b.
Extended Euclid’s Algorithm
ExtEuclid(a, b):
if b == 0
return (a, 1, 0)
(d´, x´, y´) ← ExtEuclid(b, a mod b)
(d, x, y) ← (d´, y´, x´-floor(a/b)·y´)
return (d, x, y)

d = gcd(a, b) = ax + by
Extended Euclid’s Algorithm
Suppose a and b are given. Find x and y such that,
ax+by=gcd (a,b)
Let, d=gcd(a,b)
Then, ax+by=d [by Thm 31.2]
Again, gcd(a,b)=gcd(b, a mod b)
So, ax+by = d = bx´+(a mod b)y´
We know that, a = b.a/b+a mod b
So, a mod b = a – b.a/b
Thus, ax+by = bx´+(a – b.a/b).y´
= ay´+b(x´- a/b.y´)
Finally, x = y´
y =x´- a/b.y´

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