ESTIMATING

QUANTITY SURVEYING
QUANTITY TAKE-OFF
ESTIMATING
• An estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process
of calculating the quantities and cost of various items required in
connection with the work.
PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING
1. To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner
to complete the proposed work.
2. To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to program
their timely procurement.
3. To calculate the numbers of different categories of workers those
are to be employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of
completion.
4. To assess the requirement of tools, plants and equipment required
to complete the work according to the program.
5. To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved
in the estimate.
6. To draw up a construction schedule and program and also to
arrange the funds required according to the program.
7. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.
8. An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation.
TYPES OF ESTIMATING

• Detailed Estimates

• this includes the detailed particulars for the

quantities, rates and costs of all the items
involved for satisfactory completion of project.
TYPES OF ESTIMATING

• Approximate Estimate
- this is made to find out an approximate cost
in a short time and thus enable the responsible
authority concerned to consider the financial
aspect of the scheme for according sanction to the
same.
TYPES OF ESTIMATING

• Revised Estimate
-it is a detailed estimate for the revised
quantities and rates of items of work originally
provided in the estimate without material
deviations of a structural nature from the
design originally approved for the project.
 TYPES OF ESTIMATING
• Supplementary Estimate

- while work is in progress, some changes or additional works due to

material deviation of a structural nature from the design originally
approved may be thought necessary for the development of a project.

• Maintenance or Repair Estimate

- after completion of a work it is necessary to maintain the same for

its proper function and for the same as estimate is prepared for the
items which require renewal, replacement, repairs, etc.
QUANTITY SURVEYING
• Is broadly concerned with the estimation,
planning, and control of the cost projects. It
cover a wide range of activities including cost
estimation, cost planning, value engineering,
feasibility studies, cost benefit analysis, lifecycle
costing, and valuation.
COST ESTIMATION
• accounts for each element required for the
project — from materials to labor — and
calculates a total amount that determines a
project's budget. An initial cost estimate can
determine whether an organization greenlights a
project.
QUANTITY SURVEYOR
• Quantity surveyor (construction cost consultants/cost estimators)
work for either the client or the contractor and can be based in an
office or on-site. They make sure the costs of large construction and
infrastructure projects are accurately estimated based on
initial requirements and project specs.
QUANTITY TAKE-OFF

• The process of preparing a complete list of all components needed to

complete the project.
• Includes all components including site and direct overhead.
• Units include all common unit ( meter, sq. meter, millimeter, etc.),
months, each, and lump sum.
SITE WORKS

• Site works is the trimming of lot and building area to formation levels
including all necessary cutting, filling and compaction as required. It is a part
of a construction project that is not part of a building house's physical
structures.
 ITEMS INVOLVED IN SITEWORKS

• Clearing and Grubbing • Excavation

• Removal of trees, shrubs, stumps • -The process of moving earth, rock or other materials
and rubbish from site. with tools, equipment or explosives. it includes
earthworks, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and
underground.
• Batterboard and Layouting
• Making the location of proposed • Backfilling and Compaction
new structures. • happens after excavation when the soil is compacted
back into the trench or foundation. Unit of
measurement is cubic meter (volume)
• Soil Poisoning
• Also known as subterranean • Disposal
termite control. Disposal of excess materials
Units of measurement is cubic meter (volume)
Disposal=excavation-backfilling
Detailed Unit Price Analysis (DUPA)
• a document that provides a cost estimate for a construction project by
breaking down the costs for each work item.

• A DUPA can include the following:

 Material quantities and prices,
 Equipment and labor rates,
 Indirect costs,
 Crew sizes and equipment, and
 Supervisor categories.
ITEMS INVOLVED IN PCCP (TYPICAL)
• 105(1)a SUBGRADE PREPARATION (Common Material)
• 201(1) AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
• 311(1)b1 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
(Unreinforced 0.20m Thick, 14 Days)
-RSB (DOWELS FOR PCCP)
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
OPERATIONS
PRODUCTIVITY AND
MAINTENANCE
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

• refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing

construction tasks.
• They are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, heavy
equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy
hydraulics
 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
• Earth Moving Equipment

- Earth moving
equipment are large, heavy-
duty vehicles that are often Excavators Graders
seen in the mining and
construction sites to move and
relocate heavy materials,
rocks, and mud, dirt and
debris or lumber.
LOADER
Scraper
Construction Vehicles
• Construction vehicles are designed huge to transport engineering
materials from one place to another.
• EX. Tippers, Trailers, Tank Truck
 Material Handling Equipment
• Material handling equipment are used to assist other equipment by
conveying, hoisting, and lifting, and others.
• EX. Crane, Hoist, Conveyor, Forklift Trucks
Construction Equipment
• These are equipment used in the construction site to ease the labor
of mixing, compacting and the like.
• EX. Concrete Mixer, Compactor, Road Roller, Paver
EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT
• Construction equipment management refers to continuous
evaluation of the construction equipment fleet and its cost while at
the same time considering the projects at hand.
• It is the process of balancing the expense and use of the construction
equipment against the timelines and income from the projects.
• EQUIPMENT COST
• Equipment Costs means the total cost of the
Equipment.
• OWNERSHIP COST
• Ownership cost is the total cost associated with the
construction equipment for owning it.
 OWNERSHIP COST CONSTS OF:
Initial Cost
- It is the capital investment required to own the equipment. It
includes purchase cost, sales tax, and transportation cost.
Salvage Value
It represents the expected cash inflow that will be received by
disposing of equipment at the end of its useful life.
Interest Cost
Interest cost or cost of capital investment is the annual cost of interest
charged on the borrowed money or that of capital investment to
acquire the ownership of the equipment.
 OWNERSHIP COST CONSTS OF:
Taxes
• It represents the property taxes to be paid to the state or central
government.
Insurance Cost
• It represents the annual premium to be paid to insurance companies to
cover the cost incurred due to accidents, fire, theft, etc. for the
construction equipment.
Storage Cost
• It is the cost of keeping the equipment in storage yards when it is not
operating at the work site. Storage cost includes the rental and
maintenance charge for storage yards, wages of security guards, and
wages of workers employed for bringing in and out of the storage yards.
OPERATING COST

• Operating cost is incurred only when the equipment is operated.

The operating cost of the equipment is influenced by various
parameters namely number of operating hours, location of job
site, operating conditions, category of equipment etc.
OPERATING COST CONSIST OF:
Repair and Maintenance Cost
It includes the cost of replacement parts, labor charges and the cost
of setting up and operating facilities to carry out major repair and
maintenance operations.

Fuel Cost
The construction equipments are generally powered by internal
combustion engines that use gasoline (petrol) or diesel.

Tire Cost
The cost of pneumatic tires (rubber tires) is considered as a part of
operating costs. The tire cost includes the tire repair and
replacement charges.
 OPERATING COST CONSIST OF:
Cost of Lubricating Oil, Filter, and Grease
• The quantity of lubricating oil, filter and grease required depends on
operating hours, frequency of changes, engine characteristics, and
working conditions at the job site.
• The quantity of lubricating oil required by an engine is equal to the amount
added during complete change plus the small amount added between the
changes.
Equipment or Operator Wages
• The operator cost includes the hourly wages and benefits paid by the
company to the operators.
Cost of Replacing High-Wear Items
• It represents the cost of high wears items, and these items have a
shorter life as compared to the service life of the equipment.

Cost of Mobilization Assembly and Demobilization

• This cost includes transportation charges from one project site to
another, road permits, unloading charges, cost of assembly at the project
IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE

Safety
Reliability
Cost-Efficiency
Performance
Quality Assurance
Reduction in Unexpected Failures
Avoiding Emergency Repairs
Operator Satisfaction
7 STRATEGIES INMAINTAINING CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

1.Regular Inspection
2.Scheduled Preventive Maintenance
3.Operator Training
4.Record-Keeping
5.Storage and Shelter
6.Replace Parts Proactively
7.Educate both equipment operators
and maintenance technicians.
BENEFITS OF EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

1.Maintaining peak equipment performance

2.Enhanced Safety
3.Reducing the number of unexpected breakdowns
4.Extending equipment lifespan
5.Greater equipment availability