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Sampling Distribution

Idea ofsampling distribution

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Bikash Barua
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7 views

Sampling Distribution

Idea ofsampling distribution

Uploaded by

Bikash Barua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling Methods and the

Central Limit Theorem


Why Sample?

 The time-consuming aspect of contacting the whole


population.

 The cost of studying all the items in a Population.

 The physical impossibility of checking all items in the


population.

The destructive nature of certain tests.

The adequacy of sample results in most cases.


Types of Sample
Simple Random Sample
A sample formulated so that each item or person in
the population has the same chance of being included.
Systematic Random Sampling
The items or individuals of the population are arranged in
some order. A random starting point is selected and then
every kth member of the population is selected for the sample.
Stratified Random Sampling
A population is first divided into subgroups, called strata,
and a sample is selected from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling
A population is first divided into primary units then samples
are selected from the primary units.
Sampling Error

The sampling error is the difference between a sample


statistic and its corresponding population parameter.

The sampling distribution of the sample mean is a


probability distribution consisting of all possible sample
means of a given sample size selected from a population.
Example 1
The law firm of Hoya and Associates has five partners. At their
weekly partners meeting each reported the number of hours they
billed clients for their services last week. If two partners are
selected randomly, how many different samples are possible?

Partners Hours
1. Dunn 22
2. Hardy 26
3. Kiers 30
4. Malory 26
5. Tillman 22
5 objects 5! A total of 10
taken 2 at a 5 C2  10 different
time. 2! (5  2)! samples

Partners Total Mean


1,2 48 24
1,3 52 26
1,4 48 24
1,5 44 22
2,3 56 28
2,4 52 26
2,5 48 24
3,4 56 28
3,5 52 26
4,5 48 24
Sample Mean Frequency Relative Frequency
probability
22 1 0.1

24 4 0.4

26 3 0.3

28 2 0.2

As a sampling distribution
Compute the mean of the sample means. Compare it
with the population mean.
The mean of the sample means
22(1)  24(4)  26(3)  28(2)
X  25.2
10

The population mean


22  26  30  26  22
 25.2
5
Distribution of
sample means

Distribution of
Population values
Conclusion

 The mean of the sample means is exactly equal to the


Population mean

 The dispersion of the sample distribution of the sample


means is narrower than the population distribution

 The sampling distribution of the sample means tend to


become bell-shaped and to approximate the normal
probability distribution
Central Limit Theorem

For a population with a mean  and a variance 2,


the sampling distribution of the means of all possible
samples of size n generated from the population will be
approximately normally distributed.

The standard error of the This approximation improves


mean is the standard with larger samples.
deviation of the sample
means given as: The mean of the sampling
distribution equal to  and the
x =  variance equal to 2/n.
n
Sample means
follow the normal
probability
distribution under
two conditions:

the underlying the sample size is large


population follows enough even when the
the normal distribution underlying population
may be nonnormal
To determine the probability that a sample mean
falls within a particular region, use

X 
z
s n

Use  in place of s if the population


standard deviation is known.
Example#2
According to IRS study, it takes an average of 330 minutes for
taxpayers to prepare copy and mail the tax form. A consumer
watchdog agency selects a random sample of 40 taxpayers and
finds the standard deviation of the time to prepare, copy, and mail
the form is 80 minutes.
a)What can you say about the shape of the distribution of the
sample mean?
b)What is the standard error of the distribution of the sample
mean?
c)What proportion of the samples will have a mean useful life of
more than 320 minutes?
d)What proportion of the samples will have a mean useful life
greater than 350 minutes?
e)What proportion of the samples will have a mean useful life
between 320 and 350 minutes?
μ 330
b. SE   12.65
σ 80
n 40

X   320  330
z    0.79
c. s n 80
40

X   350  330
z   1.58
d s n 80
40
Example#3

The Sony Corporation produces a Walkman that requires two AA


batteries. The mean life of these batteries in this product is 35 hours. The
distribution of the battery lives closely follows the normal probability
distribution with a standard deviation of 5.5 hours. As a part of their
testing program Sony tests samples of 25 batteries.

a)What can you say about the shape of the distribution of the sample
mean?
b)What is the standard error of the distribution of the sample mean?
c)What proportion of the samples will have a mean useful life of more
than 36 hours?
d)What proportion of the samples will have a mean useful life greater than
34.5 hours?
e)What proportion of the samples will have a mean useful life between
34.5 and 36 hours?

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