Review for the branches

of Earth and Life Science

 Have you ever
wondered when and
how the universe
was formed?
How everything created?
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
PRESENTED BY:
MRS. EVA A. PUNZALAN, LPT
Senior High School
Department
Juan- Sumulong Campus
LEARNING GOALS:
❑ describe the structure and composition
of the Universe;
❑ explain the red-shift and how it is used
as proof of an expanding universe;
❑ discuss the Big Bang Theory and the
evidences supporting the theory
 WHAT IS
UNIVERSE?
The universe as we currently know is comprises all of space
and time, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other
forms of matter and energy.

Pythagoras = “the all” or all things”

Kosmos = “the world”

 OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE

⮚ region of the Image source: Pablo

universe Carlos Budassi
comprising all matter that can
Image based on logarithmic maps of the Universe put together by Princeton University
be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes
researchers and images produced by NASA based on observations by their telescopes
and exploratory probes
and roving at the present time
spacecraft
LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE
UNIVERSE
EMPTY SPACES FILAMENTS
Super clusters ⮚ a large group of smaller galaxy clusters

⮚ form as clumps of dark matter &

clusters their associated galaxies, pulled
together by gravity to form
groups of galaxies

galaxy groups ⮚ the smallest

aggregates of
galaxies

galaxies
 GALAXY
⮚ a cluster of billions of
stars. In between the
clusters is practically an
empty space.

⮚ The galaxies are also moving

further apart as the space
between them expands.
 COMPONENTS OF THE
UNIVERSE
❖The universe is composed almost
completely of:

▪ dark energy
▪ dark matter
▪ baryonic matter
 DARK
ENERGY ⮚ an unknown form
of energy that is
( 71.4% ) hypothesized to
permeate space

⮚ a source of anti-
gravity and
causes the
universe to
expand
DARK MATTER
(24% )

⮚ matter that has gravity but

does not emit light

⮚ believed to provide the

gravitational force that
keeps all galaxies bunched
up
 BARYONIC MATTER
(4.6%)
⮚ "ordinary" matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons that comprises of:

ATOMS GALAXIES PLANETS STARS

and other bodies..

 THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
The origin of EVERYTHING..
From the tiniest particles..
From the largest galaxies..
From the very existence of space, time and life..
BUT HOW DID IT ALL BEGUN?
Many people believe that nature , the sun, the
moon, stars and even the human being never
had a beginning.
*How the universe created?
*When this universe was created?
⮚ Scientists needed a way to explain how
everything began.
⮚ However, the most widely accepted theory..

BIG BANG THEORY

 BIG BANG THEORY

⮚ states that the universe originated between 10

billion to 20 billion years ago from an expansion
of small volume of matter at a high extremely
density and temperature..
This theory indicates that in the past, these elements
were close than today, so if we go back in time, all the
stuff was together at one point

SINGULARITY
(a fireball or a nebula)
There was a bang
resulted in the
formation of galaxies.

These galaxies then divided to form:

stars, planets, the sun, the moon, and other celestial
bodies..
 Father of the Big Bang Theory

•InIn1927,
1927, A Belgian
cosmologist and a
Catholic Priest,
GEORGE
LAMAITRE
proposed the Big Bang
Theory..
Development by Albert Einstein
❑ In 1915, he predicted that
the universe is expanding
and he came with 10 field
equations to support his
general theory of relativity

❑ However, since he believed

in a static universe, he
modified his equations and
put in a cosmological
constant to make the
universe static..
 Development by
Alexander Friedman
▪ 10 years later, a
Russian cosmologists
and mathematician
read Einstein work but
thought cosmological
constant was wrong .
So he tried Einstein
equations..
 Development by Alexander
Friedman
CLOSED UNIVERSE: OPEN UNIVERSE:
▪ Time and space have a ▪ Time and space have no
beginning and an end. end.

▪ They both began with big ▪ The universe began with

bang and will end when a big bang and will
gravity stops the universe continue to expand
and pulls everything back forever.
into one point.
Edwin Hubble
⮚ In 1924, he discovered that
galaxies are moving away
from each other, hence as
evidence for an expanding
universe
⮚ First to describe the redshift
▪ His brilliant observation was
that the red shift of galaxies
was directly proportional to
the distance of the galaxy
from earth.

✔ That meant that things

farther away from Earth were
moving away faster.

✔ In other words, the universe

must be expanding.
 Red shift
⮚ describe how light
shifts toward longer
wavelengths as objects
in space (such as stars
or galaxies) move
farther away from us.

⮚ When an object moves

away from us, the light
is shifted to the red
end of the spectrum,
as its wavelengths get
longer.
After the BIG BANG…
• The universe is an extremely hot and dense state and began
expanding rapidly in a process called inflation.
• 380, 000 years, the universe temperature cooled down, the
density of universe similar to air and the universe stopped
expanding at such a rapid state.
convert
ENERGY ed Subatomic particles
protons, neutrons & electrons
highly energetic “plasma soup”

❖ Protons and neutrons came together to form different

types of nuclei by nucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion.

❖Gravity caused these atoms to collapse onto one another to

form stars and galaxies and eventually, other matter.
 After the BIG BANG…
▪ The first element created was hydrogen
along with small quantities of helium and
lithium
▪ 400 million years later, giant clouds from
original elements merged to form stars and
galaxies for the next 500 million years ago

▪ At about 9.8 billion years after the big bang,

the solar system was formed.
 Big Bang Evidences
Red shift

Cosmic microwave ⮚ leftover radiation

background from the Big Bang

Mixture of Elements

As the Universe expanded and cooled

down, some of the elements that we see
today were created.
 How scientists determine the age of the
Universe?
- measuring its oldest light
- measuring how fast the universe is expanding
- Age of rocks on Earth
- Age of the oldest patterns of stars on background
radiation
- How fast distant galaxies are moving away from
each other
 Max Karl Ernst
Ludwig
Planck
⮚ a German theoretical
physicist measured the
age of the Universe at
13.82 billion years in
2013..
LET’S RECAP..
References:
• https://www.space.com › 24054-how-old-is-the-univers
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe
• https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/
nearest_superclusters_info.html
• https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/
dp29hu.html
• https://www.space.com/25732-redshift-blueshift.html
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wilkinson-Microwave-
Anisotropy-Probe
• https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/astro/
cosmos/bigbang/bb_evid
 END OF PRESENTATION..
SEE YOU NEXT MEETING
CHIEFS!!!