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3ADC Presentation 02 [Repaired][3]

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11 views45 pages

3ADC Presentation 02 [Repaired][3]

Uploaded by

zernest632
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONTENTS

1.Introduction to ADC
2.Working principle of ADC
3.Advantages and disadvantages of ADC
4.Application of ADC

01/24/2025 ADC presentation group 8 3


INTRODUCTION TO ADC
CONT…
Analog signal
2. Digital signal
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ADC
SAMPLING BLOCK
→in daily life sampling refers to the process of chosing a small
quantity of things e.g people to represent the whole group. The
same concept is used in ADC where the analog signal has
continous values that means there are infinity numbers of
different voltages.

→ Sampling is the process by which the amplitude of the analog


signal is measured in a specified time interval

→ samples contains discrete values of amplitude of input analog


signal with respect to time
SAMPLING RATE OR SAMPLING FREQUENCY
→ Sampling rate or sampling frequency refers to the numbers
of samples(amplitude readings) per unit time
HOLDING BLOCK
→after the amplitude of the analog signal is read by ADC, then
the signal is hold constant until ADC read another amplitude of
the analog signal in a specified time interval

→ holding of analog signal enable the ADC to process the


signal and give output before it reads next amplitude of analog
signal
→ if the sampling rate is slower than the frequence
of the input signal thus the resultant signal will not
look like the input signal after the reconstruction
(simply called aliasing)
→ to avoid the problem of too slow sampling rate Nyquist
theorem comes to play out where
It suggest that if the highest frequency of the analog signal is f,
the signal can be reconstructed successfully from its samples,
if the samples are taken at a sampling frequency greater than 2f.
→ sometimes noise increase the highest frequency of the analog
signal and causes aliasing to occur.

→ thus, low pass filter is used before the ADC to filter high
frequencies resulted by noise
LOW PASS FILTER
QUANTIZATION
→ Quantization is the process of mapping continuous amplitude
(analog) signal into discrete amplitude (digital signal).

→analog signal is quantized into countable and discrete levels


known as quantization levels.

→during quantization, the amplitude of the of the analog signal is


round off to the nearest quantized level

→rounding off amplitude of analog signal causes quantization error


→quantization error refers to the difference between the
amplitude of input signal and the amplitude of round off digital
output

→increasing the resolution decreases the quantization error(will


be discussed in coming slides)
• ENCODING
→ Encoding is the process of converting the quantized signal into
digital representation (binary representation)

→encoding is done by giving each quantized level a label for


example for four bit ADC the lowest level would be 0000 and the
next level will be 0001
ENCODING
• resolution
→resolution refers to the number of bits that represent digital
signal

→resolution determine the precision of measurements means the


higher the resolution, the more precise the measurement values of
analog signal

→ADC that has higher resolution can convert the small analog
signal to digital signal more precisely
→the number of steps of the discrete values of quantized amplitude
of analog signal is determined by the resolution of ADC

that’s,
number of steps = 2n
where’s n = number of bits
•
TYPES OF ADC
• 1. flash ADC
Note that letters
Y from S to Y are used
as labels to X-OR gates
X

S LB

MB
Cont…
→ flash ADC consists of parallel comparators in which each
compares with unique reference voltage

→comparator is electronic circuit that compare two inputs


voltage that are applied to it and produce a high or low output.

→there are two types of comparators that are non inverting


comparator and inverting comparator.
NON INVERTING COMPARATOR
→from the previous circuit when input analog input is
greater than reference voltage then the out will be high
equal to V+ (refer to the previous diagram to spot it) and
when the input analog signal is less than the reference
voltage then the output will be low equal to VL (0V).
→exclusive-OR gate is digital logic circuit that gives high output only if
one of the input voltage is high. If both the input are high or low it gives
low output.
CONT

→ thus, signal from the hold and sample block is compared with
the reference voltage by the comparators if the input voltage
is
is greater than the reference voltage the comparator will
output 1
and 0 otherwise.
→This output is further given to the priority encoder for
generating binary code based on higher-order input activity by
ignoring other active inputs.
→let’s say the sampled voltage analog votage is 0.21V at a given
time and the reference voltage is 0.7V then the voltage drop at each
resistor will be 0.1V assume each resistor is having a resistance of
1kΩ and no current is flowing to comparators due to
their high input impedance.

→when input voltage of our example is compared with reference


voltage at each conparator then only two adjacent comparator will
give high output then after X-OR operation only X-OR gates T will
give high output thus binary output will be as 010.

→the same will takes place to other sampled voltages to obtain


their binary equivalent
Table of analog voltages with corresponding binary outputs
ADVANTAGES OF ADC
DISADVANTAGES OF ADC
• APPLICATION OF ADC
1. Cellphone converts the sound from the microphone to digital
form where afterward the sound is compressed before it reaches
the transmitter. Compression of digital call enable four up to ten
digital phone to hold the space of one analog phone.
2. it’s used in AV (audiovisual) to HDMI (high-definition
multimedia interface) adapters that are used to covert analog
signals(video and audio signal) into digital signal that can be used
by digital device like computers

12/17/2022 ADC presentation group 8


AV to HDMI adapter
Thank you for your attention

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