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Unit 1- Cell Transport (2)

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14 views41 pages

Unit 1- Cell Transport (2)

Uploaded by

Devonte Joseph
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transport Across the

Plasma Membrane
V.Questelles and J.Marshall
SVGCC CAPE BIOLOGY UNIT 1
LECTURE 16
OBJECTIVES

• Explain the need for transport processes


across cell membranes.
• Describe the processes by which substances
are transported across the cell membrane.
Membrane
Transport
• Although cell membranes act as
barriers (Selectively permeable),
exchange of substances between
the cell and its external
environment is necessary for
sustaining cellular processes.

• Transport processes are employed


to allow the incorporation of
biological molecules and the
discharge of waste products from
the cell.
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
PROCESSES
Cell Transport Processes

1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
3. Bulk Transport
1.PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of Substances across the cell
without the use of energy.
• Simple Diffusion
• Osmosis
Diffusion
The net motion of a substance from an area of its
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
(down a concentration gradient)
Factors that affect diffusion
1. How steep the gradient is
2. Temperature
3. Surface area
4. Type of molecule- Size and charge
Diffusion

• Molecules and ions that are


small enough can cross
membranes easily, regardless
of polarity.
• Large polar molecules such as
glucose cannot diffuse through
a cell membrane.
SO HOW DO LARGER
MOLECULES CROSS
THE MEMBRANE?
Facilitated Diffusion
• Large polar molecules such as glucose cannot
diffuse through a cell membrane.
• They can only pass through hydrophilic protein
channels.
• In addition to the other factors which affect
diffusion, the number of protein channels available
in the membrane is a factor in facilitated diffusion.
Osmosis
• Osmosis is the movement of water from
a region of higher water potential to a
region of lower water potential through
a semipermeable membrane.
• Osmosis is best described as a special
type of diffusion involving water
molecules only.
Osmosis

water
Salt
Extracellular environment Inside the cell
Osmosis and Water Potential
• The propensity for water molecules to move from
one place to another

• Water always moves from the system with a higher


water potential to the system with a lower water
potential.

• Water potential is represented by the symbol Ψ

• Pure water has a Potential of 0


Which way will the water move if the Ψ inside the cell is -2.2
and the Ψ outside the cell is -1.2?

A. outside the cell

B. inside the cell

C. The water will not move because the cell is at equilibrium


with its environment.

D. There is not enough information to answer this question.


Type of Solutions
Types of Solutions
There are three types of solutions you
can have in relations to a cell
• HYPERtonic - more concentrated than the
inside of the cell
• ISOtonic - Same concentration as the cell
• HYPOtonic - Less concentrated than the
cell
2. Active
Transport
Active Transport
• The transport of molecules in an
energetically unfavorable direction across
a membrane (against the concentration
gradient) coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP
or other source of energy.
• There are two main types of Active
Transport based on how energy is coupled
to fuel the transport mechanisms:
• Primary/ Direct Active Transport
• Secondary/ Coupled Active
Transport
Primary Active
Transporters

Primary active
transporters use ATP
to provide the energy
necessary to move a
molecule/ ion against
the concentration
gradient.
Primary Active
Transporters
Secondary Active Transporters

In secondary active
transport, aka
coupled transport or
co-transport, energy
is used to transport
molecules across a
membrane without
using ATP.
Secondary Active Transporters

Transporter protein couples the


movement of an ion (typically
Na+ or H+) down its
electrochemical gradient to the
uphill movement of another
molecule or ion against a
concentration/electrochemical
gradient.
Secondary Active Transporters
3. BULK
TRANSPORT
Bulk Transport
• Large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleotides
cannot enter or leave the cell by protein carriers or the lipid bilayer.
• They must be transported via Vesicles.
• This allows a large quantity of molecules to enter/leave cell at once.

• This occurs by three (3) processes:


1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
3. Pinocytosis
Exchange Surface in Plants- The
root
• Root hairs of a flowering plant are specialised exchange
surfaces
• They are extensions of the cells that make up the
epidermis of a root, and are each around 200-250μm
across
• This provides an enormous total surface area that is in
contact with the soil surrounding the root.
• Both water and mineral ions are absorbed by diffusion
and facilitated diffusion/active transport, respectively.
REVIEW-Chain of
Knowledge
What type of substance can pass through A?
A. Water Soluble
B. Anything
C. Lipid soluble, small, non-polar
D. Large, polar
What is the mode of transport that
allows molecules to pass straight
through the phospholipid bilayer?

A. Co-transport
B. Active Transport
C. Simple diffusion
D. Facilitated diffusion
What is the main mode of transport when
molecules pass through B?
A. Co-Transort
B. Simple diffusion
C. Bulk transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
What is the main mode of transport that
allows substances to pass through C?
A. Co-Transport
B. Simple diffusion
C. Primary active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
What process provides energy for
active transport of substances
across cell membrane?

A.Glucose reduction
B. ATP Hydrolysis
C. Glucose oxidation
D.ATP Synthesis
THE END

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