SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABILITY – A BRIEF HISYORY
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABILITY – A BRIEF HISYORY

Pre-Industrial Days: there were warnings

• It’s said that the concept of sustainability began during the industrial revolution.
• But records reveal that the environment showed signs of degradation even earlier. Air and water
pollution were common in Europe and deforestation led to environmental disasters.
• Similar ideas used in different cultures.
• French: durabilité and durable
• German: Nachhaltigkeit and nachhaltig
• Dutch: duurzaamheid and duurzaam

Growing Concerns
• By 1804, the world had around 1 billion people. Just before that, in 1798, Thomas Malthus
famously predicted that population growth would always surpass food supply.
• Concerned citizens formed environmentalist groups – mainly for wildlife conservation – such as the
Sierra Club
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABILITY – A BRIEF HISYORY
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABILITY – A BRIEF HISYORY
Growing Concerns
• 1952 air pollution incident in London that killed 12,000 people.
• There was one particular book published in 1962, The Silent Spring, that helped shape the way
people see the environmental movement now. Up until then, environmentalism was based on
pollution and nature conservation. The movement transformed. Environmental concerns became
alarming to the average citizen, stimulating the fear that economic growth at the current rate could
endanger the survival of humans and the planet .
• Through the 1970s, the movement accelerated globally.
• April 22nd, 1970 brought the first Earth Day
• In 1972, sustainability was first used in a similar context as today, regarding the future of humanity.
A leading magazine published a series of articles called Blueprint for Survival. It involved more than
30 scientists,
• first UN conference was held on the Human Environment
 TIMELINE

VENUS JUPITER MARS

Jupiter is a gas giant Mars is full of iron
and the biggest planet oxide dust, which
in the Solar System gives the planet its
reddish cast
 CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Consumption of natural
State of the environment State of sustainability
resources

More than nature's ability to

Environmental degradation Not sustainable
replenish

Equal to nature's ability to

Environmental equilibrium Steady state economy
replenish

Less than nature's ability to

Environmental renewal Environmentally sustainable
replenish
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• In 1987, the ‘Our Common Future’ report by the UN Brundtland Commission was published. In it
is one of the most regarded, simplified definitions in the sustainability movement,
which popularized the term sustainable development:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
a) The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding
priority should be given; and
b) The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future needs

• The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without
undermining planetary integrity. Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy
, environment, and social well-being.
 INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABILITY

“Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal

(i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable
development refers to the many processes and
pathways to achieve it.” (UNESCO)

• Sustainability is a social goal for people to coexist

on Earth
• Sustainability usually has three dimensions (or
pillars): environmental, economic, and social.
Many definitions emphasize the environmental
dimension
• The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at
the global, national, organizational, and individual
levels
 THE INDIAN CONTEXT
1. In the case of Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum v. Union of India, the doctrine of Sustainable Development
was implemented for the first time by the Supreme Court. The Petitioners therein had filed a petition in
public interest litigation against the pollution caused by discharge of untreated effluent by the tanneries and
other industries in the river Palar in the State of Tamil Nadu.
• “Remediation of the damaged environment is part of the process of ‘Sustainable Development’ and as
such polluter is liable to pay the cost to the individual sufferers as well as the cost of reversing the
damaged ecology”. The judgment marked all efforts to maintain a harmony between environment and
development.
2. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 7which was also known as
Doon valley case, was the first and unique case of ecological imbalances and environmental
degradation of India where issues related to environment and ecological balance was brought up.
• Two orders were given by the Court one in 1985 and the other in 1987 in which the Supreme Court
“It is a social obligation and let us remind every Indian citizen that it is his fundamental duty as
enshrined in Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution.” highlighted the fact that India citizens have the
fundamental of protecting the environment under Article 51A (g)
3. After that, the Supreme Court interpreted and implemented the doctrine of Sustainable Development that in
Narmada Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India observed that “Sustainable Development means what type or
extent of development can take place, which can be sustained by nature or ecology with or without
mitigation”
 NO POVERTY
GOAL – End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
● Eradicate extreme poverty
● (currently measured- people living on less than $1.25 a day)
● Reduce at half of the proportions of all ages living in the poverty.
● Implement nationally appropriate social protection system and measures for all.
● Ensure that all have equal right to economic resources .
● Build the resilience of the poor and reduce their vulnerability to climate related extreme events.
a) Implement program and policies to at end poverty.
b) Investment in poverty eradication action.
CHALLENGES IN NO POVERTY GOALS
 Climate change and natural disaster.
 Social and cultural barriers
 NODAL MINISTRY-RURAL MINISTRY
The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. National Rural employment 1. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

guarantee scheme
2. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima
2. National Urban Livelihood Mission Yojana

3. National Rural livelihood mission 3. Atal Pension Yojana

 ZERO HUNGER
GOAL-End hunger , achieve food security and improved nutrition and Promote
sustainable agriculture.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
 End hunger and ensure access by all people.
 End all forms of malnutrition (by 2025 address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls ,
pregnant, lactating women , children under 5 year of age and older persons)
 Double the agricultural productivity and income of small scale producers.
 Ensure sustainable food products and systems.
 Maintain genetic diversity of seeds and domestic animals
a) Enhance agricultural productivity capacity.
b) Correct and prevent trade restrictions in world agriculture market.
CHALLENGES IN NO HUNGER GOALS
 Civil Insecurity

 NODAL MINISTRY-AGRICULTURE AND FARMER
WELFARE
The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. National Food Security Mission 1. Target Public Distribution System

2. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana 2. Mid Day Meal Scheme

3. National Livestock Mission 3. National Food Security Act

4. Mission For Integrated Development

Of Horticulture
 GOOD HEATH AND WELL BEING
GOAL-Ensure healthy lives and promote well being at all ages.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
● Reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 1 lakh life birth.
● End preventable deaths of new born and children under 5 year of age.
● End the epidemics.
● Reduce by 1/3rd premature mortality from known communicable diseases.
● Half the number of global death and injuries from road traffic accident and hazardous chemicals
● Achieve universal health coverage.
a. Support R&D of vaccination and medicines.
b. Increase health financing and health workforce in developing countries .
CHALLENGES IN GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING
 Increase in Pollution
 Poor diet and lack of physical activity.
 NODAL MINISTRY-HEALTH FAMILY WELFARE

The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. National Health Mission 1. Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha

Yojana

2. National Mission on Ayush

3. Integrated Child Development

Schemes
 QUALITY EDUCATION
GOAL –Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life long learning opportunities
for all.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
 Ensure that all girls and boys complete free , equitable and quality primary and secondary
education.
 Ensure all youth and adults achieve literacy and numeracy.
 Ensure that all learns acquire the knowledge and skill needed.
 Eliminate gender disparities in all type of education.
a. Build and upgrade education facility.
b. Increase the supply of qualified teachers
CHALLENGES IN QUALITY EDUCATION
 Increase in poverty
 Armed Conflict in Nation
 Lack of awareness
 NODAL MINISTRY-NITI AYOG/HRD

The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored
scheme
1. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

2. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan

3. Rashtriya Uchhtar Shiksha Abhiyan

4. Padhe Bharat Bade Bharat

 GENDER EQUALITY
GOAL –Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
 End all forms of discrimination, violence , harmful practice against all women and girls
everywhere.
 Recognized & value unpaid care and domestic work and promote of shared responsibility within
the household.
 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels.
 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive right.
a) Promote empowerment of women.
b) Adopt and strengthen policies and enforcement.
CHALLENGES IN QUALITY EDUCATION
 Lack of legal rights and cultural awareness , resources , support.
 Conservative Thinking.
 NODAL MINISTRY-WOMEN AND CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. Rajiv Gandhi Scheme For 1. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana

Empowerment Of Adolescent Girls
(SABLA) 2. Sukanya Samrddhi Yojana

2. Nation Mission For The 3. SWADHAR 2011

Empowerment Of Women Including
Indira Gandhi Mattritav Sahyog 4. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya
Yojana
 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
GOAL-Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
 Equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
 Achieve sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defection.
 Improve water quality by reducing pollution , dumping and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals.
 Recycling and safe reuse of water globally.
 Protect water –related ecosystem .
 Expand international cooperation & support to developing countries in
water.
Suggestion in clean water & sanitation
a. Raise awareness
b. Invest in infrastructure
 NODAL MINISTRY-WATER RESOURCES

The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. National Rural Water Drinking

Programme 1. Namami Gange Integrated Ganga
Conservation Mission
2. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana

3. National River Conservation

Programme
 AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
GOAL-Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
 Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
 Promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology .
 Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
 Expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services
for developing countries.
 Enhance international cooperation to access to clean energy research and technology.

Suggestion for affordable and clean energy

a) Individuals can make a impact by turning off appliances that they not need.

b) Government can help by investing in solar , wind and thermal power.

 NODAL MINISTRY-ENERGY

The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Related Intervention
1. Deen Dyal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana

2. National Solar Mission

3. Indian Energy Policy

4. Power (2015)-Electrification of the remaining 20,000 villages including off grid solar power by
2020

5. Five new ultra mega power projects, each of 4,000 MW to be installed.

 DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
GOAL-Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
Employment and decent work for all .
.GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
 Sustained per capita income growth in accordance with national circumstances, at least 7% GDP
growth per annum in LDC.
 Diversification , technological upgrading and innovation leads to higher level of economic productivity.
 Promote development oriented policies and achieve full and productive employment and decent work
for all and equal pay .
 Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environment for all workers.
 Form policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promote local culture and products.
 Increase aid for trade support for developing countries and a global strategy for youth employment
Suggestion for decent work and economic growth
a. Government policies are helpful to achieve it .
b. Entrepreneurship also a good way to generate jobs .
NODAL MINISTRY-LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT

The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. National Service Scheme (NSS) 1. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Antodaya Yojana

2. Skill Development 2. National Urban Development Mission

3. Rashtriya Swastiya Bima Yojana

 INDUSTRY INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
GOAL-Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation.
GOAL TARGETS BY 2030
● Develop quality, reliable, sustainable infrastructure, to support economic development and equitable
access to all.
● Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and by 2030 the industrial share get double in LDC
too.
● Increasing access to financial services and markets to small scale industries and other enterprises.
● Increase access to information and communications technology and provide universal and affordable
access to the LDC.
● Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries.
● Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resources use
efficiency and clean and environment sound technology.
Suggestions
a. Promote energy efficiency.
b. Developed countries should support least developed countries(LDC).
NODAL MINISTRY-COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

The government of India has come up with following schemes to achieve the goal

Centrally Sponsored Related

scheme Intervention

1. Border Area Development Programme 1. Make In India

(BAPD)
2. Start Up India
2. National Handloom Development
Programme 3. FDI Policy

3. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

(PMGSY)
 REDUCE
INEQUALITY
• Objective: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
• Income Growth: Ensure that the poorest 40% of the population benefit from economic growth.
• Social Protection: Enhance social protection systems for vulnerable groups.
• Discrimination: Combat discrimination and promote equal opportunities.
• Fiscal Policies: Implement progressive tax systems to redistribute wealth.
• Access to Resources: Improve access to quality education, healthcare, and employment.
• Migration: Promote safe and responsible migration and mobility.
• Data Collection: Improve data collection on income and wealth disparities.
• Global Cooperation: Strengthen international support to developing countries.
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

• Goal: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
• Affordable Housing: Ensure access to safe and affordable housing for all.
• Public Transport: Enhance sustainable public transportation systems.
• Urban Planning: Promote inclusive and sustainable urban planning.
• Green Spaces: Increase access to green and public spaces.
• Disaster Resilience: Strengthen resilience to disasters and climate impacts.
• Waste Management: Improve waste management and reduction strategies.
• Cultural Heritage: Protect and safeguard cultural and natural heritage.
• Air Quality: Reduce pollution and improve air quality in urban areas.
RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

• Sustainable Practices: Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns.

• Resource Efficiency: Increase resource efficiency and reduce waste.
• Food Waste: Halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels.
• Sustainable Practices: Encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices.
• Sustainable Lifestyles: Educate and promote sustainable lifestyles among consumers.
• E-Waste Management: Improve the management of hazardous waste and e-waste.
• Sustainable Procurement: Support developing countries in sustainable procurement.
• Data and Indicators: Improve data collection for monitoring consumption patterns.
 CLIMATE ACTION

• Urgency: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
• Global Warming: Limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
• Adaptation: Enhance adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
• Policies: Integrate climate change measures into national policies and strategies.
• Funding: Mobilize financial resources for climate action in developing countries.
• Education and Awareness: Raise awareness about climate change impacts and solutions.
• International Cooperation: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity through global cooperation.
• Emission Reductions: Promote sustainable practices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 LIFE BELOW WATER
• Goal: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.
• TARGETS:
• 1. By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-
based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution.
• 2. Sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse
impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to
achieve healthy and productive oceans
• 3. Effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
and destructive fishing practices
• 4. Conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and
international law and based on the best available scientific information
• 5. Prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing,
eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from
introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential
treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade
Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation
 LIFE ON LAND
• Goal: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss,
TARGETS:
• 1. Ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater
ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with
obligations under international agreements
• 2. By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by
desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
• 3. Promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation,
restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
• 4. Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of
biodiversity and, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
• 5. Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and
promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed
• 6. Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address
both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
 PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSITUTIONS
• Goal: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
TARGETS:
• Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
• End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
• Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to
justice for all
• By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and
return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
• Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 6. Ensure responsive,
inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
• By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
• Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with
national legislation and international agreements
 PROTECTION FOR THE GOALS
• Goal: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development

TARGETS:
• 1. Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
• 2. Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through
coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as
appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt
distress
• 3. Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral
trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of
negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda
• 4. Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to
doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports .
CONCLUSION
 ANALYSIS
● Methodology: The Index assesses the performance of states and union territories (UTs) across 16
SDGs using a set of indicators aligned with national priorities.

○ Goal-wise scores are computed for the 16 SDGs, and overall composite scores are derived for
each State/UT. Goal 14 (Life Below Water) has not been included in the calculation of the
Composite Score for the Index as it solely pertains to the nine coastal States.

○ Scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating greater progress toward SDG targets.

○ State/UTs are categorized based on their SDG India Index score as follows: Aspirant: 0–49,
Performer: 50–64, Front-Runner: 65–99, and Achiever: 100.
● Overall Progress: India's overall SDG score improved to 71 in 2023-24 from 66 in 2020-21 and 57
in 2018. All states have shown improvement in overall scores. Progress has been largely driven by
targeted government interventions in poverty reduction, economic growth, and climate action.
● Top Performers: Kerala and Uttarakhand emerged as the best-performing states, each
scoring 79 points. Lowest Performer: Bihar lagged behind with a score of 57 points, followed by
Jharkhand at 62 points.
 CONCLUSION

• There are some problems with the concept of sustainable development. Some scholars say it is an
oxymoron because according to them, development is inherently unsustainable.

Others arise from the human condition. One example is the value-action gap. This reflects the fact that
people often do not act according to their convictions. Experts describe these barriers as intrinsic to the
concept of sustainability.
There are trade-offs between the goals of environmental policies and economic development .
Political pressures generally favor the short term over the long term. So they form a barrier to actions
oriented toward improving sustainability. [81]: 86
Barriers to sustainability may also reflect current trends. These could include consumerism and
short-termism.
 REFERENCES
1. Sustainable development – Wikipedia
2. Sustainable development – historical roots of the concept (tandfonline.com)
3. The History of Sustainability & The Word Sustainable | Timeline (thesustainableagency.com)
4. Ecology, Environmental Science & Conservation - Singh J.S., Singh S.P. & Gupta S.R. - Google Books
(Page 19)
5. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development | Department of Economic and
Social Affairs (un.org)
6. Home | NITI Aayog
7. Elliott, J. (2012). An introduction to sustainable development. Routledge.
8. Parris, T. M., & Kates, R. W. (2003). Characterizing and measuring sustainable development. Annual
Review of environment and resources, 28(1), 559-586.
THANKYOU