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FM Introduction

Uploaded by

n.belhouchat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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National School of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies

Fluid Mechanics
(Preliminary Course)
Teacher biography

BELHOUCHAT Norel-Houda

Class ‘’A" Associate Professor in Process engineering,
specialiste in Chemical engineering

Area of interest: Chemical Engineering; Nonmaterial,
Water treatment; Environmental Science; Material Science

E-mail: [email protected]



Prerequisites


Physics (forces, gravity, vectors...)

Mathematical analysis (integrals, derivatives,..)

Thermodynamics
Objectives

Provide fundamental knowledge of fluid statics.

Learn how to describe a fluid in motion using field representations.

Establish the theorems of fluid mechanics.

Provide the basic elements required for solving flow problems in both ideal and real fluids.


Bibliography (In pictures)
Chapter 1: Fluid statics

1.1. Definition of a Fluid

1.2. Physical Properties of Fluids

1.3. Classification of Fluids

1.4. General Principles and Theorems

1.5. Hydrostatic Pressure

1.6. Hydrostatic Center of Pressure

1.7. Relative Equilibrium

1.8. Archimedes' Principle
Introduction

Fluid mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics


that deals with the behavior of liquids and gases,
whether at rest (Fluid statics) or in motion (Fluid
dynamics).
By the end of this lecture, students will be able to:


Apply the fundamental relation of hydrostatics to calculate pressure at a specific point within a fluid.

Calculate the hydrostatic forces exerted on surfaces submerged in a fluid.

Utilize Archimedes' principle to determine the buoyant force acting on objects in fluids and analyze
the conditions for floating or sinking.

Apply Bernoulli's theorem to solve problems related to fluid flow, pressure, and velocity in various
fluid systems.

Manipulate and employ mathematical tools of vector analysis, including differential operators such as
gradient, divergence, curl, and the Laplacian, to analyze fluid behavior and solve related equations.

Have a deeper understanding about fluid flow theory

Determine the velocity profiles of various flow conditions from a simple force balances

Distinguish various flow types

Understand the basic laws and governing equations of fluid flow

Employ differential and integral approaches to formulate/solve a flow phenomena
This field encompasses a wide range of issues:
This field encompasses a wide range of issues, from studying blood flow in deformable
capillaries (blood vessels with diameters of just a few microns) to analyzing the flow of
crude oil through pipelines with diameters of up to one meter and lengths extending up
to 13,000 kilometers.
The principles of fluid mechanics are essential for explaining why airplanes fly and
determining the ideal wing profile for the most efficient flight in terms of fuel costs and
speed. Similarly, the dimples on golf balls help to achieve greater distance by delaying
the separation of the boundary layer in turbulent flow.
Other materials, such as mud, tar, sealant, or toothpaste, are not easily classified
because they behave like solids when the applied stress is low. However, if this stress
exceeds a critical value, they flow like a fluid. The study of such substances is a distinct
field known as rheology and falls under the category of complex fluids within fluid
mechanics.
What is a fluid?
From a molecular perspective,

solids (like steel or concrete) have molecules that are closely


packed together with very strong intermolecular forces, allowing
the solid to maintain its shape.

In contrast, liquids (such as water or oil) have molecules that are


more spaced out, with weaker intermolecular forces than in
solids, giving them the freedom to move. Consequently, liquids
can be easily deformed (though not as compressible as gases)
and can flow into containers or through tubes.

Gases (like air or oxygen) have even greater spacing between


molecules and extremely weak intermolecular forces, making
them highly deformable and compressible; they can completely fill
any container they are placed in.

A solid at rest can
resist shear: (a)
Static deflection of
the solid; (b)
equilibrium and
Mohr’s circle for solid
element A.

A fluid cannot resist
shear: (c) Containing
walls are needed;
(d ) equilibrium and
Mohr’s circle for fluid
element A.
Definitions
Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and
moving bodies under the influence of forces.
 The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is called statics, while
the branch that deals with bodies in motion is called dynamics.
 The subcategory fluid mechanics is defined as the science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
 The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.
The study of f1uids in motion, where pressure forces are
not considered, is called fluid kinematics and if the
pressure forces are also considered for the fluids in
motion. that branch of science is called fluid dynamics.

 Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several

categories.

 The study of the motion of fluids that are practically incompressible (such
as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds) is usually referred to
as hydrodynamics.

 A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which deals with liquid
flows in pipes and open channels.

Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density
changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds.

 The category aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases (especially air)
over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.

 Some other specialized categories such as meteorology, oceanography,
and hydrology deal with naturally occurring flows.

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