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02 Nested Quantifier

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9 views

02 Nested Quantifier

Uploaded by

shazimadeel1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4 5 6

0 Nested 2
1 Quantifier 3

7 8 9
Nested
Quantifier
one quantifier is within the
scope of another, such as
∀x∃y(x + y = 0)
Understanding Statements Involving Nested
Quantifiers
∀x∀y(x + y = y + x)

says that x + y = y + x for all real numbers x and y.


Understanding Statements Involving Nested
Quantifiers
∀x∃y(x + y = 0)

says that for every real number x there is a real


number y such that x + y = 0
Example 1
Translate into English the statement
∀x∀y((x > 0) ∧ (y < 0) → (xy < 0)),
The Order of Quantifiers
Many mathematical statements involve multiple
quantifications of propositional functions involving more
than one variable. It is important to note that the order
of the quantifiers is important,
unless all the quantifiers are universal quantifiers or all
are existential quantifiers.
Example 2
Let P(x, y) be the statement “x + y = y +
x.” What are the truth values of the
quantifications ∀x∀yP(x, y) and ∀y∀xP(x,
y) where the domain for all variables
consists of all real numbers?
Example 2 cont.
∀x∀yP(x, y)
“For all real numbers x, for all real numbers y, x + y = y + x”

∀y∀xP(x, y)

“For all real numbers x, for all real numbers y, x + y = y + x”


Example 3
Let Q(x, y) denote “x + y = 0.” What are
the truth values of the quantifications
∃y∀xQ(x, y) and ∀x∃yQ(x, y), where the
domain for all variables consists of all
real numbers?
Example 3
∃y∀xQ(x, y)
cont...
“There is a real number y such that for every real number x, Q(x,
y).”

No matter what value of y is chosen, there is only one


value of x for which x + y = 0. Because there is no real
number y such that x + y = 0 for all real numbers x, the
statement ∃y∀xQ(x, y)
is false.
Example 3
∀x∃yQ(x, y)
cont...
For every real number x there is a real number y such that Q(x,
y).”

On the other hand, ∀x∃yP(x, y) is true if and only if for


every value of x there is a value of y for which P(x, y) is
true. So, for this statement to be true, no matter which
x you choose, there must be a value of y (possibly
depending on the x you choose) for which P(x, y) is true.
Example 4
Let Q(x, y, z) be the statement “x + y = z.”
What are the truth values of the statements
∀x∀y∃zQ(x, y, z) and ∃z∀x∀yQ(x, y, z), where
the domain of all variables consists of all real
numbers?
Example 4
cont...
∀x∀y∃zQ(x, y,
z), numbers x and for all real numbers y there is a real number
“For all real
z such that x + y = z,” is true.
Example 4
cont...
∃z∀x∀yQ(x, y,
z)
“There is a real number z such that for all real numbers x
and for all real numbers y it is true that x + y = z,” is false
because there is no value of z that satisfies the equation x
+ y = z for all values of x and y.

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