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Logical Operators Po

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Ariannabelle lopez
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9 views

Logical Operators Po

Uploaded by

Ariannabelle lopez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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L O G I C A L

OPE RA T O R S
OPERATIONS INVOLVING TWO OR MORE
PROPOSITIONS MAKE USE OF CONNECTIVES.
COMBINING PROPOSITIONS USING A
CONNECTIVE WILL RESULT IN THE FORMATION
OF A NEW PROPOSITION. IN DEALING WITH
LOGICAL OPERATORS, THE PROPOSITIONAL
VARIABLES p AND q ARE COMMONLY USED.
To connect p to q,
The resulting proposition In symbols...
use the connective which is read as...
is called...
symbol...

pᴧ q
ᴧ and Conjunction
(p and q)

pᴠ q
ᴠ or Disjunction
(p or q)

implies p→q
→ Implication/Conditional
If..., then (p implies q)

is equivalent to... p↔q


↔ Equivalence/Biconditional
if and only if... (p is equivalent to q)

not ~p
~ Negation
(not p)
 Conjunction: This is a proposition which is
the
resul of combining two other
t propositions
calle conjuncts with the connective
d word
and.

I
Illustrative Example:
Form the conjunction of the following simple
propositions.
p: COVID-19 is contagious.
q: Many people died.
Solution:
Conjunction: COVID-19 is contagious and many
people died.
In symbols: p ᴧ q
 Disjunction: This is a proposition which is
the result of combining two other
propositions called disjuncts with the
connective word or. (Note that the word or
will be considered with inclusive sense).
Illustrative Example:
Form the disjunction of the following simple
propositions.
p: COVID-19 is contagious.
q: Many people died.
Solution:
Disjunction: COVID-19 is contagious or many people
died.
In symbols: p ᴠ q
 Implication/Conditional: This is a proposition
which is the result of combining a
hypothesis or antecedent to a conclusion or
consequent in the form If…, then…
Illustrative Example:
Form the implication of the following simple
propositions.
p: COVID-19 is contagious.
q: Many people died.
Solution:
Implication: If COVID-19 is contagious, then many
people died. In symbols: p → q
 Equivalence/Biconditional: This is a
proposition which is the result of combining
two propositions in the form … if and only
if …
Illustrative Example:
Form the equivalence of the following simple
propositions.
p: COVID-19 is contagious.
q: Many people died.
Solution:
Equivalence: COVID-19 is contagious if and only if
many
people died.
In symbols: p ↔ q
 Negation: This is a proposition which is
the result of reversing the truth value
of a given proposition.

The negative of a simple proposition is usually


done by either the insertion or deletion of the
word “not” and for compound proposition, it is
done by placing one of the following (it is not
true that p, it is false that p, it is not the case
that p) in front of the proposition.
Illustrative Example:
Form the negation of the following simple
propositions.
p: COVID-19 is contagious.
q: Many people died.
Solution:
Negation: COVID-19 is not contagious.
In symbols: ~p
ation: Few people died. In symbols: ~q
Illustrative Example:
1. Let p: Euclid is a geometer.
Let q: Einstein is a physicist.

Find:
a. p ᴧ q b. p ᴠ q
c. p → q d. p ↔ q
a. Euclid is a geometer and Einstein is a
physicist.
b. Euclid is a geometer or Einstein is a
physicist.
c. If Euclid is a geometer, then Einstein is a
physicist.
d.Euclid is a geometer if and only if
Einstein is a physicist.
Illustrative Example:
2. Let p: Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher.
Let q: Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer.

Find:
a.p ᴧ q
e. q → p
b.p ᴠ q
f. ~ p → q
c.p → q g.
~ (p ᴧ q)
d.~ q ↔ ~ p h. ~
a. p ᴧ q (p and q)
a. Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher and he is a LET
passer.
b. p ᴠ q (p or q)
b. Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher or he is a LET
passer.
c. p → q (If p, then q)
c. If Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher, then he is a LET
passer.
d. ~ q ↔ ~ p(not q if and only if not p)
d. Mr. Kakashi is not a LET passer, if and only if he is
not a Math teacher.
e. q → p (If q, then p)
e. If Mr. Kakashi is a LET passer, then he is a Math
f.teacher.
~p→q
f. If Mr. Kakashi is not a Math teacher, then he is a LET
g.passer.
~ (p ᴧ q)
g. It is not true that Mr. Kakashi is a Math teacher and
he is a LET passer.
h. ~ q ᴠ ~ p
h. Mr. Kakashi is not a LET passer or he is not a Math
teacher.

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