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Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) LESSON 3 / INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Lesson Contents
AE9: Statistical Analysis with Software Application
How to interpret results

Comparative statistics

Correlation

Regression Analysis

FERNANDO P. TIU, JR.

College of Business Administration and Accountancy
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Home Flexible Learning Outcomes (ILO)

Students are expected to:
Flexible Learning
1. identify which between comparison and correlation will be used based on the type of
Outcomes (ILO)
variable.
Lesson Contents 2. determine when and how to use linear regression based on correlation results.

How to interpret results

Comparative statistics

Correlation

Regression Analysis

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Home Lesson Contents

1. Comparison of related and unrelated groups
Flexible Learning
2. Correlation
Outcomes (ILO)
3. Linear regression
Lesson Contents

How to interpret results

Comparative statistics

Correlation

Regression Analysis

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Summary of inferential statistical methods

Home Parametric Non-parametric
Comparison Unrelated (independent) groups Unrelated (independent) groups
Flexible Learning • Independent samples t-test • Mann-Whitney u
Outcomes (ILO) • Chi-square goodness of fit
Related (before and after) groups Related (before and after) groups
Lesson Contents • Paired samples t-test • Wilcoxon signed rank test
• Chi-square test of independence
How to interpret results
More than 2 groups More than 2 groups
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) • Kruskall-Wallis test
Comparative statistics
Correlation • Pearson Product-Moment • Spearman rho
Correlation Coefficient or Pearson r
Correlation
Regression analysis Used to predict the value of the dependent/criterion variable using the value of the
Regression Analysis independent/predictor variable.

There are many statistical methods under comparative, correlational, and regression
analyses. The one provided here are only commonly used examples.

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How to interpret inferential statistical results

Home
Computed vs Critical Value p-value
Flexible Learning Comparative If Computed > Critical then If p-value <= 0.05 then
Outcomes (ILO) There is a significant difference There is a significant difference
between/among the groups. between/among the groups.
Lesson Contents If Computed < Critical then If p-value > 0.05 then
There is NO significant difference There is NO significant difference
How to interpret results between/among the groups. between/among the groups.

Comparative statistics
Correlational If Computed > Critical then If p-value <= 0.05 then
There is a significant relationship There is a significant relationship
Correlation between/among the groups. between/among the groups.

Regression Analysis If Computed < Critical then If Computed > 0.05 then
There is NO significant relationship There is NO significant relationship
between/among the groups. between/among the groups.

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
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How to interpret inferential statistical results

Home
Computed vs Critical Value p-value
Flexible Learning Comparative Null Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis:
Outcomes (ILO) There is no significant difference There is no significant difference
between the groups. between the groups.
• If Computed > Critical then REJECT • If p-value <= 0.05 then REJECT null
Lesson Contents null hypothesis. hypothesis.
• If Computed < Critical then ACCEPT • If p-value > 0.05 then ACCEPT null
How to interpret results null hypothesis. hypothesis.

Comparative statistics
Correlational Null Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship There is no significant relationship
Correlation between the groups. between the groups.
• If Computed > Critical then REJECT • If p-value <= 0.05 then REJECT null
Regression Analysis null hypothesis. hypothesis.
• If Computed < Critical then ACCEPT • If p-value > 0.05 then ACCEPT null
null hypothesis. hypothesis.

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How to interpret inferential statistical results

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Sample t-test table of critical values
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO)
1. Columns represent the selected
Lesson Contents level of confidence.
• The higher the level of confidence, the more
reliable the result, but the lower the chance of
How to interpret results a significant difference between the groups.
2. Rows represent the degree of
Comparative statistics freedom.
• Degree of freedom is commonly mistaken as
Correlation the number of respondents.
3. Tails
Regression Analysis • Use 2-tail if you want to test if one group is
significantly different from the other, whether
higher or lower, doesn’t matter.
• Use 1-tail if you want to test if one group is
significantly lower or significantly higher from
the other (choose one only)

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How to interpret inferential statistical results

Home
Sample t-test table of critical values
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO)
4. All other tables work the same way
Lesson Contents as the one used for t-test. The
critical values vary, but we find the
How to interpret results correct value using the following
criteria:
Comparative statistics • Degree of freedom
• Level of confidence (usually .05)
Correlation • Number of tails (usually 2)

Regression Analysis

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How to interpret inferential statistical results

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p-value
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) [p]
The probability that the difference/relationship between the groups is due
Lesson Contents
only to chance.
How to interpret results
[1-p]
Comparative statistics The probability that the difference/relationship between the groups is NOT
due to chance.
Correlation
Remember that
Regression Analysis
(p)+(1-p)=1

So if p = .05, then p-1 = 0.95

If the probability that the difference difference/relationship between the groups is NOT due to
chance is 5%, then the probability that the difference/relationship between the groups is due to
chance is 95%.

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How to interpret inferential statistical results

Home
p-value
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) In social sciences, the maximum acceptable p-value is 0.05.
In the physical sciences, the maximum acceptable p-value is 0.01.
Lesson Contents

How to interpret results

Why?
For example, a pharmaceutical company wants to test the difference in
Comparative statistics virulence of coronavirus in a sample with an experimental vaccine versus a
sample without the said vaccine. The analysts will test the difference using a
Correlation p-value of 0.01 or even lower.
Regression Analysis
If they will use a p-value of 0.05, it means that there is a 5% probability that
the results are due only to chance. Apply this to a population of 100 million
Filipinos, it will mean that the vaccine may not work for around 5 million
Filipinos, and that is an unacceptable risk.

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Summary of inferential statistical methods

Home
When to use COMPARATIVE statistics
Flexible Learning 1. When all variables are nominal.
Outcomes (ILO)
2. When either the independent or dependent variable is nominal.
Lesson Contents
When to use CORRELATIONAL statistics
How to interpret results
1. When all variables are numeric or ordinal.
Comparative statistics
When to use REGRESSION analysis
Correlation
1. When all variables are numeric or ordinal.
Regression Analysis 2. When it has already been established using correlation analysis that there
is a significant relationship between the variables being correlated.

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Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Comparative statistics
Home
Purpose:
Flexible Learning We conduct comparative statistics to determine if there
Outcomes (ILO)
1. is a significant difference between the means of two groups, whether
Lesson Contents related of unrelated.
2. are significant differences among the means of groups that number more
How to interpret results than 2.

Comparative statistics
We can immediately see the difference between the groups just by looking at their
Correlation means, but the question is “Is that difference significant?”

Regression Analysis

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Comparative statistics
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Example 1: INDEPENDENT Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning PRIVATE Grade PUBLIC Grade This is a table of grades 18 Grade 11
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 91 Student 19 89
Student 2 99 Student 20 88
students who finished Junior High School
Lesson Contents Student 3 90 Student 21 94 in private schools, and 18 who finished in
Student 4 90 Student 22 89
Student 5 85 Student 23 93
public schools.
How to interpret results Student 6 88 Student 24 89
Student 7 89 Student 25 88 Mean Grades
Comparative statistics Student 8
Student 9
92
90
Student 26
Student 27
90
93
Private: 89.19
Student 10 89 Student 28 85 Public: 88.81
Correlation Student 11 88 Student 29 88
Student 12 88 Student 30 70 There is a difference of 1.06 between the
Regression Analysis Student 13 89 Student 31 89
Student 14 89 Student 32 83 grades of private and public school
Student 15 94 Student 33 88 students. But is that a significant
Student 16 70 Student 34 95
Student 17 96 Student 35 92 difference?
Student 18 88 Student 36 83

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
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Comparative statistics
Home
Example 1: INDEPENDENT Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) Private Public We used the Data Analysis Toolpack in
Mean 89.17 88.11 Excel to perform the t-test. We can see
Lesson Contents that:
Variance 33.56 31.87

How to interpret results Observations 18.00 18.00 Computed t- value < Critical Value
Pooled Variance 32.71 Therefore:
Comparative statistics • Accept null hypothesis
df 34.00 • There is no significant difference between the
Correlation Computed t-value 0.55 groups.

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.29

Regression Analysis p-value > 0.05
t Critical one-tail 1.69 Therefore:
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.5834 • Accept null hypothesis
• There is no significant difference between the
t Critical two-tail 2.03 groups.

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Comparative statistics
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Example 2: INDEPENDENT Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning PRIVATE Grade PUBLIC Grade Same example, but I deliberately put all
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 99 Student 19 89
Student 2 96 Student 20 89
the high grades under PRIVATE, and the
Lesson Contents Student 3 95 Student 21 89 lower grades under PUBLIC.
Student 4 94 Student 22 89
Student 5 94 Student 23 88
How to interpret results Student 6 93 Student 24 88
Student 7 93 Student 25 88 Mean Grades
Comparative statistics Student 8
Student 9
92
92
Student 26
Student 27
88
88
Private: 91.94
Student 10 91 Student 28 88 Public: 85.33
Correlation Student 11 90 Student 29 88
Student 12 90 Student 30 88 There is a difference of 6.61 between the
Regression Analysis Student 13 90 Student 31 85
Student 14 90 Student 32 85 grades of private and public school
Student 15 89 Student 33 83 students. But is that a significant
Student 16 89 Student 34 83
Student 17 89 Student 35 70 difference?
Student 18 89 Student 36 70

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Comparative statistics
Home
Example 2: INDEPENDENT Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) Private Public We used the Data Analysis Toolpack in
Mean 89.17 88.11 Excel to perform the t-test. We can see
Lesson Contents that:
Variance 8.06 34.52

How to interpret results Observations 18.00 18.00 Computed t- value > Critical Value
Pooled Variance 21.44 Therefore:
Comparative statistics • Reject null hypothesis
df 34.00 • There is a significant difference between the
Correlation Computed t-value 4.28 groups.

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.0001

Regression Analysis p-value < 0.05
t Critical one-tail 1.69 Therefore:
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.0001 • Reject null hypothesis
• There is a significant difference between the
t Critical two-tail 2.03 groups.

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Comparative statistics
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Example 1: PAIRED Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning Before After Diff. These are the grades of 18 students before and after
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 89 91 2
Student 2 88 99 11
undergoing special review.
Student 3 94 90 -4
Lesson Contents
Student 4 89 90 1 Mean Grades
Student 5 93 85 -8
How to interpret results Student 6 89 88 -1 Before: 88.11
Student 7 88 89 1 After: 89.17
Comparative statistics Student 8 90 92 2
Student 9 93 90 -3
Student 10 85 89 4
There is a difference of 1.06 between their grades
Correlation Student 11 88 88 0 before and after the review.
Student 12 70 88 18
Student 13 89 89 0
1. But is that a significant difference?
Regression Analysis
Student 14 83 89 6 2. Was there a significant improvement?
Student 15 88 94 6
Student 16 95 70 -25
Student 17 92 96 4
Student 18 83 88 5

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 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
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Comparative statistics
Home
Example 1: PAIRED Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) Before After We can see that:
Mean 89.17 88.11
Lesson Contents Computed t- value < Critical Value (2-tailed)
Variance 33.56 31.87 • Accept null hypothesis
How to interpret results • There is no significant difference between the groups.
Observations 18.00 18.00
Computed t- value < Critical Value (1-tailed)
Comparative statistics df 17.00 • Accept null hypothesis
• There is no significant improvement.
Correlation t Stat 0.52

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.31 p-value > 0.05 (2-tailed)

Regression Analysis • Accept null hypothesis
t Critical one-tail 1.74 • There is no significant difference between the groups.
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.61 p-value > 0.05 (1-tailed)
• Accept null hypothesis
t Critical two-tail 2.11 • There is no significant improvement.

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Comparative statistics
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Example 2: PAIRED Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning Before After Diff. These are the grades of 18 students before and after
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 89 99 10
Student 2 89 96 7
undergoing special review.
Student 3 89 95 6
Lesson Contents
Student 4 89 94 5 Mean Grades
Student 5 88 94 6
How to interpret results Student 6 88 93 5 Before: 85.33
Student 7 88 93 5 After: 91.94
Comparative statistics Student 8 88 92 4
Student 9 88 92 4
Student 10 88 91 3
There is a difference of 6.61 between their grades
Correlation Student 11 88 90 2 before and after the review.
Student 12 88 90 2
Student 13 85 90 5
1. But is that a significant difference?
Regression Analysis
Student 14 85 90 5 2. Was there a significant improvement?
Student 15 83 89 6
Student 16 83 89 6
Student 17 70 89 19
Student 18 70 89 19

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Comparative statistics
Home
Example 1: PAIRED Samples t-Test
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) Before After We can see that:
Mean 91.94 85.33
Lesson Contents Computed t- value > Critical Value (2-tailed)
Variance 8.06 34.82 • Reject null hypothesis
How to interpret results • There is a significant difference between the groups.
Observations 18.00 18.00
Computed t- value > Critical Value (1-tailed)
Comparative statistics df 17.00 • Reject null hypothesis
• There is a significant improvement.
Correlation t Stat 5.77

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.00001 p-value < 0.05 (2-tailed)

Regression Analysis • Reject null hypothesis
t Critical one-tail 1.74 • There is a significant difference between the groups.
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.00002 p-value < 0.05 (1-tailed)
• Reject null hypothesis
t Critical two-tail 2.11 • There is a significant improvement.

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Comparative statistics
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Example 1: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Flexible Learning CEFI Grade MSEUF Grade SHC Grade These are the CET grades of 36
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 91 Student 19 89 Student 37 91
Student 2 99 Student 20 88 Student 38 87
students who enrolled in CEFI
Lesson Contents Student 3 90 Student 21 94 Student 39 96 according to the school where they
Student 4 90 Student 22 89 Student 40 88
Student 5 85 Student 23 93 Student 41 95
finished SHS.
How to interpret results Student 6 88 Student 24 89 Student 42 88
Student 7 89 Student 25 88 Student 43 90 CEFI: 89.17
Comparative statistics Student 8 92 Student 26 90 Student 44 89 MSEUF: 88.11
Student 9 90 Student 27 93 Student 45 95
Student 10 89 Student 28 85 Student 46 84
SHC: 88.61
Correlation Student 11 88 Student 29 88 Student 47 90
Student 12 88 Student 30 70 Student 48 69 Are there significant differences
Regression Analysis Student 13 89 Student 31 89 Student 49 91
Student 14 89 Student 32 83 Student 50 82
among the groups?
Student 15 94 Student 33 88 Student 51 87
Student 16 70 Student 34 95 Student 52 97
Student 17 96 Student 35 92 Student 53 91
Student 18 88 Student 36 83 Student 54 85

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Comparative statistics
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Example 1: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Flexible Learning
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Outcomes (ILO)
Between Groups 10.04 2 5.02 0.14 0.868378623 3.18
Lesson Contents Within Groups 1,808.56 51 35.46
Total 1,818.59 53
How to interpret results
We can see that:
Comparative statistics
Computed f- value < Critical Value p-value > 0.05
Therefore: Therefore:
Correlation • Accept null hypothesis • Accept null hypothesis
• There are no significant differences among the • There are no significant differences among the
Regression Analysis groups. groups.

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Comparative statistics
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Example 2: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Flexible Learning CEFI Grade MSEUF Grade SHC Grade Same example, but with different
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 99 Student 19 90 Student 37 88
Student 2 97 Student 20 90 Student 38 88
grades.
Lesson Contents Student 3 96 Student 21 90 Student 39 88
Student 4 96 Student 22 90 Student 40 88 CEFI: 93.61
How to interpret results
Student 5
Student 6
95
95
Student 23
Student 24
90
89
Student 41
Student 42
88
88
MSEUF: 89.06
Student 7 95 Student 25 89 Student 43 87 SHC: 83.22
Comparative statistics Student 8 94 Student 26 89 Student 44 87
Student 9 94 Student 27 89 Student 45 85 Are there significant differences
Student 10 93 Student 28 89 Student 46 85
Correlation Student 11 93 Student 29 89 Student 47 85 among the groups?
Student 12 92 Student 30 89 Student 48 84
Regression Analysis Student 13 92 Student 31 89 Student 49 83
Student 14 91 Student 32 89 Student 50 83
Student 15 91 Student 33 88 Student 51 82
Student 16 91 Student 34 88 Student 52 70
Student 17 91 Student 35 88 Student 53 70
Student 18 90 Student 36 88 Student 54 69

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Comparative statistics
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Example 1: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Flexible Learning
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Outcomes (ILO)
Between Groups 976.26 2 488.13 29.55 0.000000003 3.18
Lesson Contents Within Groups 842.33 51 16.52
Total 1,818.59 53
How to interpret results
We can see that:
Comparative statistics
Computed f- value > Critical Value p-value < 0.05
Therefore: Therefore:
Correlation • Reject null hypothesis • Reject null hypothesis
• There are significant differences among the • There are significant differences among the
Regression Analysis groups. groups.

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Correlational statistics
Home
Purpose:
Flexible Learning We conduct correlational statistics to determine if there
Outcomes (ILO)
1. is a significant relationship between two variables.
Lesson Contents 2. are significant relationships among variables that number more than 2.

How to interpret results Types of correlation

1. Direct
Comparative statistics
• As one variable increases, the other variable also increases.
Correlation • As one variable decreases, the other variable also decreases.
2. Indirect
Regression Analysis • As one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
• As one variable decreases, the other variable increases.

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Correlational statistics
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Examples of direct and indirect relationships
Flexible Learning Variable 1 Variable 2 Relationship Description
Outcomes (ILO)
Food intake Weight Direct The higher the food intake, the
higher the weight.
Lesson Contents
Diet pills intake Weight Indirect The higher the intake of diet pills,
the lower the weight.
How to interpret results
Study hours Grade Direct The longer the study hours, the
Comparative statistics higher the grade.
“Petiks” hours Grade Indirect The longer the petiks hours, the
Correlation lower the grade.
Length of exposure to Chances of getting COVID Direct The longer the exposure to a
Regression Analysis COVID-infected person COVID-infected person, the greater
the chances of getting COVID.

Security of revenue Profit Indirect The more secure your source of

income, the less profitable it tends
to be. The less secure (risky), the
more profitable.

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Correlational statistics
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Coefficients of correlation
Flexible Learning
Outcomes (ILO) Coefficient Description The highest possible coefficient is 1.
-1 Perfect indirect correlation The lowest possible coefficient is -1.
Lesson Contents
-0.99 to -0.75 Strong indirect correlation
The farther away from zero the coefficient
How to interpret results
-0.74 to 0.50 Moderate indirect correlation is (regardless of whether positive or
Comparative statistics negative), the more reliable it becomes as
-0.25 to -0.10 Weak indirect correlation
a basis for regression.
Correlation 0 No correlation

Regression Analysis 0.10 to 0.25 Weak direct correlation

0.50 to 0.74 Moderate direct correlation
0.75 to 0.99 Strong direct correlation
1 Perfect direct correlation

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Correlational statistics
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Example 1: Pearson Correlation
Flexible Learning GWA Board The goal here is to determine the correlation
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 52
Student 2 71 54
between GWA and performance in the
Lesson Contents Student 3 72 56 licensure exams. We took both from 20 BSA
Student 4 73 58
Student 5 74 60
graduates of CEFI who took the board.
How to interpret results Student 6 75 62
Student 7 76 64 Using Excel, the
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 66
Student 9 78 68 correlation
Student 10 79 70 coefficient is 1.
Correlation Student 11 80 72
Student 12 81 74
Student 13 82 76
It is a perfect positive correlation. As GWA
Regression Analysis
Student 14 83 78 increases by 1, board exam performance
Student 15 84 80
increases by exactly 2.
Student 16 85 82
Student 17 86 84
Student 18 87 86
Student 19 88 88
Student 20 89 90

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Correlational statistics
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Example 1: Pearson Correlation
Flexible Learning GWA Board 95
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 52 Correlation coefficient: 1
Student 2 71 54 90
Student 3 72 56
Lesson Contents 85
Student 4 73 58
Student 5 74 60
How to interpret results Student 6 75 62 80

Board Exam Rating

Student 7 76 64
Student 8 77 66 75
Comparative statistics
Student 9 78 68
Student 10 79 70 70
Correlation Student 11 80 72
Student 12 81 74 65
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 76
Student 14 83 78
60
Student 15 84 80
Student 16 85 82
55
Student 17 86 84
Student 18 87 86
50
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Student 19 88 88
Student 20 89 90
GWA

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 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
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Correlational statistics
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Example 2: Pearson Correlation
Flexible Learning GWA Board 95
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 90 Correlation coefficient: -1
Student 2 71 88 90
Student 3 72 86
Lesson Contents
Student 4 73 84 85
Student 5 74 82
How to interpret results Student 6 75 80 80

Board Exam Rating

Student 7 76 78
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 76 75
Student 9 78 74
Student 10 79 72 70
Correlation Student 11 80 70
Student 12 81 68 65
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 66
Student 14 83 64
60
Student 15 84 62
Student 16 85 60
55
Student 17 86 58
Student 18 87 56
50
Student 19 88 54 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Student 20 89 52
GWA

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Correlational statistics
Home
Example 3: Pearson Correlation
Flexible Learning GWA Board 95
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 55 Correlation coefficient: 0.89
Student 2 71 50 90
Lesson Contents Student 3 72 56
Student 4 73 60 85
Student 5 74 57
How to interpret results Student 6 75 65 80

Board Exam Rating

Student 7 76 66
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 64 75
Student 9 78 74
Student 10 79 65 70
Correlation Student 11 80 77
Student 12 81 70 65
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 76
Student 14 83 74 60
Student 15 84 90
Student 16 85 82 55
Student 17 86 70
Student 18 87 80 50
Student 19 88 88 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Student 20 89 80
GWA

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Correlational statistics
Home
Example 4: Pearson Correlation
Flexible Learning GWA Board
100
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 90 Correlation coefficient: -0.12
95
Student 2 71 88
Student 3 72 86
Lesson Contents 90
Student 4 73 84
Student 5 74 82 85
How to interpret results Student 6 75 80

Board Exam Rating

Student 7 76 78 80
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 76
Student 9 78 74 75
Student 10 79 72
Correlation Student 11 80 70 70
Student 12 81 68
65
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 66
Student 14 83 64
Student 15 84 62
60
Student 16 85 60
55
Student 17 86 58
Student 18 87 56 50
Student 19 88 54 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Student 20 89 52
GWA

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Regression analysis
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Purpose:
Flexible Learning We conduct regression analysis to
Outcomes (ILO)
1. predict the value of the dependent/criterion variable using the value of
Lesson Contents the independent/predictor variable.

How to interpret results

In linear regression, the goal is to generate an equation that we can use to
Comparative statistics compute the values of the dependent variable by inputting values into the
independent variable. The equation is as follows:
Correlation
y = ax + b
Regression Analysis
Where:
y = the dependent variable we are trying to predict
x = the value we input into the independent variable
a = coefficient (multiplier) of the independent variable
c = a constant we add or deduct from the result of a*x
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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Regression Analysis
Home
Example 1
Flexible Learning GWA Board 95
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 52 Correlation coefficient: 1
Student 2 71 54 90
Student 3 72 56
Lesson Contents 85
Student 4 73 58
Student 5 74 60
How to interpret results Student 6 75 62 80

Board Exam Rating

Student 7 76 64
Student 8 77 66 75
Comparative statistics
Student 9 78 68
Student 10 79 70 70
Correlation Student 11 80 72
Student 12 81 74 65
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 76
Student 14 83 78
60
Regression Equation:
Student 15 84 80
Student 16 85 82
55 y = 2x - 88
Student 17 86 84
Student 18 87 86
50
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Student 19 88 88
Student 20 89 90
GWA

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Regression Analysis
Home
Example 1
Flexible Learning GWA Actual Predicted Diff.
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 52 52 0
Correlation coefficient: 1
Student 2 71 54 54 0
Student 3 72 56 56 0 Regression Equation:
Lesson Contents y = 2x - 88
Student 4 73 58 58 0
Student 5 74 60 60 0
How to interpret results Student 6 75 62 62 0
Student 7 76 64 64 0
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 66 66 0
Student 9 78 68 68 0
Student 10 79 70 70 0
Correlation Student 11 80 72 72 0
Student 12 81 74 74 0
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 76 76 0
Student 14 83 78 78 0
Student 15 84 80 80 0
Student 16 85 82 82 0
Student 17 86 84 84 0
Student 18 87 86 86 0
Student 19 88 88 88 0
Student 20 89 90 90 0

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Regression Analysis
Home
Example 2
Flexible Learning GWA Board 95
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 55 Correlation coefficient: 0.89
Student 2 71 50 90
Lesson Contents Student 3 72 56
Student 4 73 60 85
Student 5 74 57
How to interpret results Student 6 75 65 80

Board Exam Rating

Student 7 76 66
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 64 75
Student 9 78 74
Student 10 79 65 70
Correlation Student 11 80 77
Student 12 81 70 65
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 76
Student 14 83 74 60 Regression Equation:
Student 15 84 90
Student 16 85 82 y = 1.6744x - 63.168
55
Student 17 86 70
Student 18 87 80 50
Student 19 88 88 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Student 20 89 80
GWA

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.
 COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Regression Analysis
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Example 2
Flexible Learning GWA Board Predicted Diff.
Outcomes (ILO) Student 1 70 55 54.07 0.93
Correlation coefficient: 0.89
Student 2 71 50 55.74 -5.74
Regression Equation:
Student 3 72 56 57.42 -1.42
Lesson Contents y = 1.6744x - 63.168
Student 4 73 60 59.09 0.91
Student 5 74 57 60.77 -3.77
How to interpret results Student 6 75 65 62.44 2.56
Student 7 76 66 64.12 1.88
Comparative statistics Student 8 77 64 65.79 -1.79
Student 9 78 74 67.47 6.53
Student 10 79 65 69.14 -4.14
Correlation Student 11 80 77 70.81 6.19
Student 12 81 70 72.49 -2.49
Regression Analysis Student 13 82 76 74.16 1.84
Student 14 83 74 75.84 -1.84
Student 15 84 90 77.51 12.49
Student 16 85 82 79.19 2.81
Student 17 86 70 80.86 -10.86
Student 18 87 80 82.53 -2.53
Student 19 88 88 84.21 3.79
Student 20 89 80 85.88 -5.88

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or otherwise, without permission in writing from the author or lecturer.