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DC motor

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19 views23 pages

DC motor

Uploaded by

saivarun437
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC

MOTOR
Key points:
1.Principle
2. Construction and parts
3. Principle
4. Types
5. Application
Introduction
• The Dc machines are of two types namely DC
generators and DC motors.
• A DC generators converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy whereas a DC motor converts
the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• In order to understand the operating principle of a
DC motor, it is necessary to understand how does
a current carrying conductor experience a force,
when kept in a magnetic field.
Windings in DC Machine
• In any dc machines, there are two windings:
1. Field winding 2. Armature winding
• Out of these, the field winding is stationary which
does not move at all and armature winding is
mounted on a shaft. So it can rotate freely.
• Connection of windings for operation as motor:
 To operate the dc machine as a motor, the field
winding and armature winding is connected
across a dc power supply.
• Principle of operation:
 When current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experienced a force.
 In case of DC motor, the magnetic field is
developed by the field current i.e. current
flowing in field winding and armature winding
plays the role of current carrying conductor
 So armature winding experienced a force and
start rotating.
• Direction of force:
 The direction of rotation of a motor depends on the direction of force
exerted on the armature winding and the direction of force experienced by
a current carrying conductor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
• Force on current carrying conductor:
 If a straight conductor is placed in the magnetic field produced by a
permanent magnet, the current flowing through a conductor in anti
clockwise direction.
• Magnitude of Force:
 The magnitude of the force experienced by the current carrying conductor
placed in the magnetic field is given by,
F = BIl Newton
Where B = Flux density produced by Magnet
I = current flowing through conductor
l = Length of the conductor
Statement of Fleming’s left hand rule:
It states that if the first three fingers of the left hand are held
mutually at right angles to each other and if index finger indicates
the direction of the magnetic field, and if middle finger indicates
the direction of current flowing through the conductor, then thumb
indicates the direction of force exerted on the conductor. This is
shown in fig (2).

Fig.(2):Fleming’s left hand rule thumb


Construction of DC Motor

Fig.(1): construction of DC motor


• Important parts of DC motor:
1. Yoke 4. Armature
2. Field winding 5. Commutator, brushes & gear
3. poles 6. Brushes

1. Yoke:
 It acts as the outer support of a DC motor.
 It provides mechanical support for the poles.
2. Poles:
 pole of a dc motor is an electromagnet.
 The field winding is wound over the poles.
 Poles produces magnetic flux when the filed winding is
excited.
3. Field winding:
 The coils wound around the pole are called field coils and
they are connected in series with each other to form field
winding.
 When current passing through the field winding, magnetic
flux produced in the air gap between pole and armature.
4. Armature:
 Armature is a cylindrical drum mounted on shaft in
which number of slots are provided.
 Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
 Theses armature conductors are interconnected to form
the armature winding.
5. Commutator:
 A commutator is a cylindrical drum mounted on the
shaft along with the armature core.
 It collects the current from the armature conductors and
passed it to the external load via brushes.
6. Brushes:
 Commutator is rotating. So it is not possible to
connect the load directly to it.
 Hence current is conducted from the armature
to the external load by the carbon brushes
which are held against the surface of
commutator by springs.
Types of DC Motors
• Depending on the way of connecting the
armature and field windings of a d.c. motors
are classified as follows:
DC Motor

DC series Shunt motor Compound Separately


motor motor excited motor

Short shunt Long shunt


compound compound
DC Shunt Motor
• In DC shunt type motor, field and armature
winding are connected in parallel as shown in fig.
(1), and this combination is connected across a
common dc power supply.
• The resistance of shunt field winding (Rsh) is
always much higher than that of armature winding
(Ra).
• This is because the number of turns for the field
winding is more than that of armature winding.
• The field current Ish always remains constant.
Since V and Rsh both are constant. Hence flux
produced also remains constant. Because field

∴ ø ∝ Ish
current is responsible for generation of flux.

• This is why the shunt motor is also called as


the constant flux motors.
Fig.(1):DC shunt motor schematic diagram
DC Series Motor
• In DC series motor, the armature and field
windings are connected din series with each other
as shown in fig.(1).
• The resistance of the series field winding (Rs) is
much smaller as compared to that of the armature
resistance (Ra).
• The flux produced is proportional to the field
current. But in series motor, the field current is

∴ ø ∝ Ia or
same as armature current.

∴ ø ∝ Is
• The armature current Ia and hence field current
Is will be dependent on the load.
• Hence in DC series motor the flux does not
remains constant.

Fig.(1):DC series motor schematic diagram


DC Compound Motor
1. Long Shunt Compound Motor:
• As shown in fig.(1), in long shunt dc motor, shunt
field winding is connected across the series
combination of the armature and series field winding.
2. Short Shunt Compound Motor:
• In short shunt compound motor, armature and field
windings are connected in parallel with each other and
this combination is connected din series with the
series filed winding. This is shown in fig.(2).
 The long shunt and short shunt compound motors are
further classified as cumulative and differential
compound motors
Fig.(1): Long shunt compound dc motor fig.(2):Short shunt compound dc motor
Applications of DC Motor
1. Shunt motor applications:
i. Various machine tools such as lathe
machines, drilling machines, milling
machines etc.
ii. Printing machines
iii. Paper machines
iv. Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
v. Blowers and fans etc.
2. Series motor applications:
i. Electric trains
ii.Diesel-electric locomotives
iii.Cranes
iv.Hoists
v.Trolley cars and trolley buses
vi.Conveyers etc.
3. Cumulative compound motor applications:
i. Elevators
ii. Rolling mills
iii.Planers
iv.Punches
4. Differentials compound motors applications:
 The speed of these motors will increase with increase in
the load, which leads to an unstable operation.
 Therefore we can not use this motor for any practical
applications

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