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Explain Knowledge Representation(prolog) in AI (1)

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Hamza Rao
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2 views

Explain Knowledge Representation(prolog) in AI (1)

Uploaded by

Hamza Rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Explain Knowledge

Representation(prolog) in AI
Mam Iram
Knowledge Representation in Prolog
for AI
• Knowledge representation is a fundamental
aspect of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves
structuring information about the world in a form
that a machine can understand and process.
Prolog (short for Programming in Logic) is a
prominent language used for this purpose due to
its foundation in first-order predicate logic
and its declarative nature.

• Here’s an explanation of how knowledge


representation works in Prolog and its
significance in AI:
1. What is Prolog?
Prolog is a logic programming language based on
rules and facts.
Unlike procedural languages (e.g., C++ or Python),
Prolog programs define what needs to be solved
rather than how to solve it.
It excels at problems involving relationships,
pattern matching, and logical reasoning, making it
ideal for AI applications such as expert systems,
she planning.
has doll
natural language processing, and
Example: she has doll set
Tow boys have brothers if both are male and they
have same parents.
2. Components
 Prolog of primary
uses three Knowledge Representation
components in Prolog
for representing
knowledge:
 a. Facts
 Represent statements about the world that are always true.
 Explicit relationship
Symbol:
 For example: :- if
 Amna is girl , and/ conjuction
 Hair Is black ; Or /disjunction
 Syntax: predicate(arguments).
 Amna has account (1234567) has written in prolog
Account(amna,1234567).
 Amna is a teacher of all subject.
 Teacher (amna, all subject).
Code Example: jhon

prolog
parent(john, mary). mary

parent(mary, alice).
alice

Meaning: John is Mary’s parent, and Mary is


Alice’s parent.
b. Rules
Represent conditional statements or relationships.
Syntax: Head :- Body.
Example:
prolog
X: ahmed
Y: Ali
Z: zain
X: ahmed Z: zain Y: Ali

grandparent(X, Y) :- parent(X, Z), parent(Z, Y).


Meaning: X is a grandparent of Y if X is a parent of Z and Z is a parent of Y.
Example:
 Mega is a daughter of sham if sham is a father of mega.
 X is father of Y if X is a parent of Y and X is male.
prolog
father(X,Y):- parent(X,Y),male(X).
c. Queries
Allow the system to infer information from facts and rules.
Syntax: ?- query.
Example:
prolog
?- grandparent(john, alice).
The system will return true if the query is satisfied based on facts and rules, or false
otherwise.
Example:
Mega is jhon?
 Is pizza a food?
?-food(pizza)
 Which food is meal and lunch

?-meal(X);lunch(X).

X:- Y;Z
X:- Y
X:- Z
3. Advantages of Prolog for Knowledge Representation
Declarative Nature: You define what needs
to be done, not how to do it.
Logical Reasoning: Prolog uses backward
chaining to deduce answers by matching
queries with rules and facts.
Expressiveness: Can model complex
relationships, hierarchies, and constraints
easily.
Compact Syntax: Represents knowledge in
a concise manner.
4. Applications in AI
Expert Systems: Encoding domain
knowledge as rules and facts to solve
problems (e.g., medical diagnosis systems).
Natural Language Understanding: Parsing
and understanding human language.
Problem Solving: Planning and constraint
satisfaction problems.
Semantic Web: Structuring and querying
knowledge in a machine-understandable way.
5.

Example: Family Relationship Knowledge Base
Here’s a simple Prolog program for representing family relationships:
 prolog
 % Facts parent(john, mary).
 parent(mary, alice).
 parent(mary, tom).
 parent(alice, sarah).

 % Rules
 grandparent(X, Y) :- parent(X, Z), parent(Z, Y).
 sibling(X, Y) :- parent(Z, X), parent(Z, Y), X \= Y.

 % Queries
 ?- grandparent(john, sarah). % true
 ?- sibling(alice, tom). % true
 ?- parent(john, tom). % false
6. Challenges of Knowledge Representation in Prolog
Scalability: Handling large-scale knowledge
bases can be challenging.
Uncertainty: Prolog doesn’t handle
probabilistic reasoning directly.
Ambiguity: Representing vague or
ambiguous knowledge requires extensions or
workarounds.
Conclusion
Prolog provides a robust framework for
representing and reasoning about knowledge
in AI. Its logical structure allows developers
to focus on the semantics of the problem
rather than the implementation, making it a
powerful tool for building intelligent systems.
Any Question?
Thank You

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