Chapter 5

A Survey of
Eukaryotic Cells and
Microorganisms

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 Eukaryotic Microbes

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 The Eukaryotic Cell

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Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell
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Appendages
Flagella
Cilia
External
organelles and Glycocalyx
other structures Capsules
Eukaryotic cell

Slimes
Cell wall
Boundary of cell
Cell/cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasmic matrix
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus Nucleolus
Chromosomes

Internal Endoplasmic reticulum

organelles and Golgi complex
Organelles Mitochondria
other contents
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Cytoskeleton 4
Microfilaments
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Comparing Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes & Viruses

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 Survey of Eukaryotic Microbes
• Fungi
• Algae
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms

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 Kingdom Fungi
• 100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
– Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill
fungi)
– Microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
– Majority are unicellular or colonial; a few have
cellular specialization

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 Microscopic Fungi
• Exist in two morphologies:
– Yeast – round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
– Hyphae – long filamentous fungi or molds
• Some exist in either form – dimorphic –
characteristic of some pathogenic molds
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Septum

Janice Carr/CDC © Dr. Judy A. Murphy, San Joaquin Delta College, Department of Microscopy, Stocton, CA 8
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 Fungal Nutrition
• All are heterotrophic
• Majority are harmless
saprobes living off dead
plants and animals
• Some are parasites, living
on the tissues of other
organisms, but none are
obligate
– Mycoses – fungal
infections
• Extremely widespread
distribution in many
habitats 9
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 Fungal Organization
• Yeast – soft, uniform texture and appearance
– Reproduce through an asexual process called budding

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 Fungal Organization
• Filamentous fungi – mass of hyphae called
mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
– Hyphae may be divided by cross walls – septate
– Vegetative hyphae – digest and absorb nutrients
– Reproductive hyphae – produce spores for reproduction

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 Fungal Reproduction
• Primarily through spores formed on reproductive
hyphae
• Asexual reproduction – spores are formed through
budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores

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Types of Asexual Mold Spores

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 Fungal Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction – spores are formed
following fusion of two different strains and
formation of sexual structure
– Zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
• Sexual spores and spore-forming structures
are one basis for classification

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 Formation of zygospores

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 Production of ascospores

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Formation of basidiospores in a mushroom

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 Fungal Classification
Kingdom Eumycota is subdivided into several phyla
based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
1. Phylum Zygomycota – zygospores; mostly
sporangiospores and some conidia
2. Phylum Ascomycota – ascospores; conidia
3. Phylum Basidiomycota – basidiospores; conidia
4. Phylum Chytridomycota – flagellated spores
5. Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores (Imperfect)

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 Fungal Identification
• Isolation on specific media
• Macroscopic and microscopic observation of:
– Asexual spore-forming structures and spores
– Hyphal type
– Colony texture and pigmentation
– Physiological characteristics
– Genetic makeup

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 Roles of Fungi
• Adverse impact
– Mycoses, allergies, toxin production
– Destruction of crops and food storages
• Beneficial impact
– Decomposers of dead plants and animals
– Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids,
vitamins
– Used in making foods and in genetic studies

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 Human Fungal Infections

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 The Protists Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Taxonomy Based on mRNA Analysis Traditional Kingdoms

and Subcategories

• Algae - eukaryotic Animals

Metazoa
Myxozoa Kingdom Animalia
Choanoflagellates

organisms, usually True Fungi

Zygomycota
Ascomycota

unicellular and colonial, (Eumycota) Basidiomycota Kingdom Eumycota

Chytridiomycota
(chytrids)

that photosynthesize
Land plants Kingdom Plantae
Plants
Green algae
Kingdom Protista

EVOLUTIONARY ADVANCEMENT OF THE EUKARYOTES

Cryptomonads
Division Chlorophyta

with chlorophyll a Red algae Division Rhodophyta

Golden-brown and Division Chrysophyta

• Protozoa - unicellular Stramenopiles

(formerly
yellow-green alga
Xanthophytes
Brown algae Division Phaeophyta
heterokonts Diatoms Division Bacillariophyta

eukaryotes that lack or chrysophytes) Water molds

(Oomycota)

Ciliates Phylum Ciliophora

tissues and share Alveolates

Colponema
Dinoflagellates
Haplosporidia
Division Pyrrophyta

Phylum Apicomplexa

similarities in cell
Apicomplexans

Entamoebae
Entamoebids
Phylum Sarcomastigophora

structure, nutrition, life Amoeboflagellates

Kinetoplastids
Euglenids Division Euglenophyta

cycle, and biochemistry Lack

mitochondria
Parabasilids (Trichomonas)
Diplomonads (Giardia)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Oxymonads
Microsporidia
Universal
Ancestor
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 Algae
• Photosynthetic organisms
• Microscopic forms are
unicellular, colonial,
filamentous
• Macroscopic forms are
colonial and multicellular
• Contain chloroplasts with
chlorophyll and other
pigments
• Cell wall
• May or may not have
flagella
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 Algae
• Most are free-living in
fresh and marine water –
plankton
• Provide basis of food web
in most aquatic habitats
• Produce large proportion
of atmospheric O2
• Dinoflagellates can cause
red tides and give off
toxins that cause food
poisoning with
neurological symptoms

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 Algae Classification
• Classified according to types of pigments and cell wall
• Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products

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 Protozoa
• Diverse group of 65,000 species
• Vary in shape, lack a cell wall
• Most are unicellular; colonies are rare
• Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat
• Some are animal parasites and can be spread by
insect vectors
• All are heterotrophic – lack chloroplasts
• Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
• Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic
matter
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 Protozoa
• Most have locomotor
structures – flagella, cilia, or
pseudopods
• Exist as trophozoite – motile
feeding stage
• Many can enter into a
dormant resting stage when
conditions are unfavorable for
growth and feeding – cyst
• All reproduce asexually,
mitosis or multiple fission;
many also reproduce
sexually – conjugation

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Important Protozoan Pathogens
• Pathogenic
flagellates
– Trypanosomes –
Trypanosoma
• T. brucei – African
sleeping sickness
• T. cruzi – Chaga’s
disease; South
America

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Important Protozoan Pathogens

• Infective amoebas
– Entamoeba
histolytica – amebic
dysentery; worldwide

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 Parasitic Helminths
• Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction,
digestion, movement, protection
• Parasitize host tissues
• Have mouthparts for attachment to or
digestion of host tissues
• Most have well-developed sex organs that
produce eggs and sperm
• Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or
out of host body

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