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BB Social Perception(1)

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14 views17 pages

BB Social Perception(1)

Uploaded by

mstev198
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Social

Perception
Social Perception
 Social Perception
The study of how we form
impressions of other people and
make inferences about them.
Nonverbal
Communication
 Nonverbal Communication
The way in which people
communicate, intentionally or
unintentionally, without words.
Nonverbal
Communication
 Encoding
Expressing nonverbal behaviour.

 Decoding
Interpreting the meaning
of the nonverbal behaviour
other people express.
Characteristics of NVC
 NV messages are often unintentional.
 NV messages tend to be powerful.
 NV messages overrule verbal.
 NV messages enrich verbal.
 NV messages are often ambiguous.
 NV messages are culturally based.
Nonverbal
Communication
 Facial Expressions
The manipulation of our facial
muscles to communicate emotional
states and reactions to messages.
Causal Attributions
 Attribution Theory
The study of how people explain the
causes of their own and other
people’s behaviour.

 Attribution
A causal explanation of behaviour.
Causal Attributions
 Fritz Heider
 Internal Attribution
The behaviour is because of who
the person is.
 External Attribution
The behaviour is caused by the
Situation.
 Two-Step Process of Making
Attributions
Causal Attributions
 The Covariation Model (Harold Kelley)
To form an attribution about what caused
a person’s behaviour, we systematically
note the pattern between the presence
(or absence) of possible causal factors
and whether or not the behaviour occurs.
1. Consensus
2. Distinctiveness
3. Consistency
Causal Attributions
 Consensus – how similarly other people act,
given the same stimulus, as the person in
question.
 Distinctiveness – how similarly the person
acts in different situations, towards other
stimuli.
 Consistency – the extent to which the
behaviour between the person and the same
stimulus is the same across time and
circumstances.
Harold Kelley’s Theory of
Attribution
Low Consensus High Consensus
Others in same Most people in
situation would not same situation would
act that way. act that way.

High High
INTERNAL EXTERNAL Consistency
Consistency
ATTRIBUTION:ATTRIBUTION: Acted this way
Acted this way in
Rude PersonalityIt’s the Situation in past situations.
past situations.

Low High
Distinctiveness Distinctiveness
Acts this way in Acts differently in
many situations. other situations.
Errors in Causal
Attributions
 Fundamental Attribution Error
Underestimate external factors
and overestimate internal factors
when assessing the behaviour of
others.
Errors in Causal
Attributions
 Perceptual Salience
Information that is the focus of
people’s attention; we tend to
overestimate the causal role of
perceptually salient information.
Errors in Causal
Attributions
 Actor-Observer Difference
Attribute the behaviour of others
to internal or dispositional
causes and attribute your own
behaviour to situational or
external causes.
Errors in Causal
Attributions
 Self-Serving Bias
Explanations for one’s successes
that credit internal, dispositional
factors and explanations for one’s
failures that blame external,
situational factors.
Errors in Causal
Attributions
 Defensive Attributions
Explanations for behaviour that
avoid feelings of vulnerability and
mortality.

 Ex. Belief in a Just World


Errors in Causal
Attributions
 Optimism Bias
When a person believes positive
things happen to them more
frequently than others and negative
things happen less frequently.

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