Topic:BCA–508 Unit -1 Artificial

Intelligence (Week 3 Continue)

Prepared By:
Dr Tejinder Kaur
Associate Professor
 Programme: BCA -50
8

Cours
e: Artificial Intelligen
ce

Contents
• Heuristic search
• Characteristics of Artificial Intelligence Problems
 Programme: BCA -50
8

Cours
e: Artificial Intelligen
ce

Heuristic search

Heuristics operates on the search space of a problem to

find the best or closest-to-optimal solution via the use of
systematic algorithms. In contrast to a brute-force
approach, which checks all possible solutions exhaustively,
a heuristic search method uses heuristic information to
define a route that seems more plausible than the rest.
Heuristics, in this case, refer to a set of criteria or rules of
thumb that offer an estimate of a firm’s profitability.
Utilizing heuristic guiding, the algorithms determine the
balance between exploration and exploitation, and thus
they can successfully tackle demanding issues. Therefore,
they enable an efficient solution finding process.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

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Significance of Heuristic Search in AI
The primary benefit of using heuristic search techniques in AI is their
ability to handle large search spaces. Heuristics help to prioritize which
paths are most likely to lead to a solution, significantly reducing the
number of paths that must be explored. This not only speeds up the search
process but also makes it feasible to solve problems that are otherwise too
complex to handle with exact algorithms.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
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• Components of Heuristic Search
• State Space: This implies that the totality of all possible states or settings,
which is considered to be the solution for the given problem.
• Initial State: The instance in the search tree of the highest level with no
null values, serving as the initial state of the problem at hand.
• Goal Test: The exploration phase ensures whether the present state is a
terminal or consenting state in which the problem is solved.
• Successor Function: This create a situation where individual states
supplant the current state which represent the possible moves or solutions
in the problem space.
• Heuristic Function: The function of a heuristic is to estimate the value or
distance from a given state to the target state. It helps to focus the process
on regions or states that has prospect of achieving the goal.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

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Types of Heuristic Search Techniques
1. A* Search Algorithm is perhaps the most well-known heuristic search
algorithm. It uses a best-first search and finds the least-cost path from a
given initial node to a target node. It has a heuristic function, often denoted
as f(n)=g(n)+h(n) where g(n) is the cost from the start node to n,
and h(n) is a heuristic that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from n to
the goal. A* is widely used in path finding and graph traversal.
2. Greedy Best-First Search Greedy best-first search expands the node that
is closest to the goal, as estimated by a heuristic function. Unlike A*,
which takes into account the cost of the path from the start node to the
current node, the greedy best-first search only prioritizes the estimated cost
from the current node to the goal. This makes it faster but less optimal than
A*.
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508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

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• 3. Hill Climbing Hill climbing is a heuristic search used for mathematical
optimization problems. It is a variant of the gradient ascent method.
Starting from a random point, the algorithm takes steps in the direction of
increasing elevation or value to find the peak of the mountain or the
optimal solution to the problem. However, it may settle for a local
maximum and not reach the global maximum.
4. Simulated Annealing :- Inspired by the process of
annealing in metallurgy, simulated annealing is a
probabilistic technique for approximating the global
optimum of a given function. It allows the algorithm to
jump out of any local optimums in search of the global
optimum by probabilistically deciding whether to accept or
reject a higher-cost solution during the early phases of the
search.
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508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

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• 5. Beam Search
• Beam search is a heuristic search algorithm that explores a graph by expanding the most
promising nodes in a limited set or “beam”. The beam width, which limits the number of nodes
stored in memory, plays a crucial role in the performance and accuracy of the search.
• Applications of Heuristic Search
• Heuristic search techniques find application in a wide range of problem-solving scenarios,
including:
• Path finding: Discovery, of the shortest distance that can be found from the start point to the
destination at the point of coordinates or graph.
• Optimization: Solving the problem of the optimal distribution of resources, planning or
posting to achieve maximum results.
• Game Playing: The agency of AI with some board games, e.g., chess or Go, is on giving
guidance and making strategy-based decisions to the agents.
• Robotics: Scheduling robots` location and movement to guide carefully expeditions and
perform given tasks with high efficiency.
• Natural Language Processing: Language processing tasks involving search algorithms, such
as parsing or semantic analysis, should be outlined
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508

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Advantages of Heuristic Search Techniques
• Heuristic search techniques offer several advantages:
• Efficiency: As they are capable of aggressively digesting large areas for
the more promising lines, they can allot more time and resources to
investigate the area.
• Optimality: If the methods that an algorithm uses are admissible, A*
guarantees of an optimal result.
• Versatility: Heuristic search methods encompass a spectrum of problems
that are applied to various domains of problems.
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• Limitations of Heuristic Search Techniques
• Heuristic Quality: The power of heuristic search strongly depends on the
quality of function the heuristic horizon. If the heuristics are constructed
thoughtlessly, then their level of performance may be low or inefficient.
• Space Complexity: The main requirement for some heuristic search
algorithms could be a huge memory size in comparison with the others,
especially in cases where the search space considerably increases.
• Domain-Specificity: It is often the case that devising efficient heuristics
depends on the specifics of the domain, a challenging obstruction to
development of generic approaches.
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508

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• Heuristic search methodologies open into the AI toolbox, which
enables the refined exploration and traversal of perplexing issue
areas equipped with a precise analytic precision that is
unquenchable in the midst of challenging circumstances. Using
heuristic-based approach, these algorithms can achieve an
equilibrium between exploring the solution space and exploiting
what is already known and get near-optimal solution to at least some
domains. With the development of AI even further towards
perfection, new strides in progress with heuristic search algorithms
will undoubtedly lead to the exploration of more effective methods
for problems resolving and decision making.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

Characteristics of Artificial Intelligence Problems

• Learning and adaptation:

AI systems should be capable of learning from data or experiences and
adapting their behaviour accordingly. This enables them to improve
performance over time and handle new situations more effectively.
• Complexity:
AI problems often involve dealing with complex systems or large amounts
of data. AI systems must be able to handle this complexity efficiently to
produce meaningful results.
• Uncertainty:
AI systems frequently operate in environments where outcomes are
uncertain or incomplete information is available. They must be equipped to
make decisions or predictions under such conditions.
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• Dynamism:
Environments in which AI systems operate can change over time.
These changes may occur unpredictably or according to specific
rules, requiring AI systems to continually adjust their strategies or
models.
• Interactivity:
Many AI applications involve interaction with users or other agents.
Effective AI systems should be able to perceive, interpret, and
respond to these interactions in a meaningful way.
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• Context dependence:
The behaviour or performance of AI systems may depend on the
context in which they operate. Understanding and appropriately
responding to different contexts is essential for achieving desired
outcomes.
• Multi-disciplinary:
AI problems often require knowledge and techniques from multiple
disciplines, including computer science, mathematics, statistics,
psychology, and more. Integrating insights from these diverse fields
is necessary for developing effective AI solutions.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

Examples of AI Applications and Challenges Across Domains

• Complexity: Industrial storage is networked, in the middle of things, with

obstacles, and other robots and people moving unpredictably. This robot
must process the visual scene, plan the route effectively, and detect and
avoid possible collisions.
• Dynamism: A combination of outside factors leads to change, which is a
constant inside the warehouse. Unpredictable system failures or
spontaneous tasks can make the robot change its means and decision-
making at the moment of need.
• Uncertainty: Sensor data (such as images obtained from a camera) might
be noisy, incomplete, and unstable. The robot could be handling decisions
based on fragmented or formless pieces of information.
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508

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

• Subjectivity: Human language is nuanced. Sarcasm, irony, and figurative

expressions can be difficult for machines to accurately interpret.
• Need for Context: Understanding sentiment may depend on cultural
references, product-specific knowledge, or even the reviewer’s prior
interactions with the company.
• Ambiguity: A single word or phrase could have multiple meanings,
affecting the overall sentiment of the text.
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508

Computer Vision
Course: Artificial
Intelligence

• Complexity: Medical images are highly detailed and can exhibit subtle
variations. The system needs to distinguish between healthy tissue and
potential abnormalities.
• Ethical Considerations: False positives or false negatives have serious
consequences for patient health. Accuracy, transparency, and minimizing
bias are crucial.
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508

Virtual Assistants
Course: Artificial
Intelligence

• Technology: Virtual assistants like Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Google

Assistant, and Microsoft’s Cortana are AI-powered software applications.
• Functionality: They use natural language processing (NLP) to understand
and respond to voice commands or text input from users.
• Tasks: Setting reminders, scheduling events, providing weather updates,
and managing smart home devices.
• Tools: Google Translate and DeepL.
• Functionality: Provide accurate translations in real-time
for text, speech, and images.
• Impact: Break down language barriers and facilitate
global communication.
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508

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• Adaptive Learning: Platforms tailor exercises based on student
performance.
• AI Tools: Grade assignments, provide feedback, and tutor students.
• Benefit: Help teachers focus more on student engagement.
• Technology: Autonomous vehicles (AVs) use AI algorithms, sensors (such
as LiDAR and radar), and GPS to navigate and make driving decisions
without human intervention.
• Safety and Efficiency: AVs aim to reduce accidents by eliminating human
error and optimize traffic flow, potentially decreasing congestion and fuel
consumption.
• Applications: AVs are being developed for personal transportation,
delivery services, and public transportation, promising to revolutionize
mobility and logistics industries.
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• Medical Imaging: AI analyzes medical images such as X-rays, CT
scans, and MRIs to assist radiologists in detecting abnormalities and
making more accurate diagnoses.
• Precision Medicine: AI algorithms process genomic data and
patient records to personalize treatment plans, predict disease risks,
and optimize drug therapies.
• Efficiency and Accuracy: AI-powered diagnostic tools can enhance
diagnostic speed, reduce human error, and improve patient
outcomes by providing timely and reliable insights into medical
conditions.
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• Algorithmic Trading: AI algorithms analyze market data in
real-time to make trading decisions, such as buying or selling
stocks, currencies, or commodities.
• Predictive Analytics: AI models predict market trends and
fluctuations based on historical data, news sentiment analysis,
and macroeconomic indicators.
• Automation and Efficiency: AI-powered trading systems
execute trades faster and more efficiently than human traders,
optimizing trading strategies and minimizing risks.
• Enhance Customer Service: AI-driven chatbots handle
customer inquiries.
•.
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• Automation: AI enables smart home devices to automate tasks like
adjusting thermostats, lighting, and security systems based on user
preferences and behaviour patterns.
• Integration: Smart home devices are interconnected and controlled via
AI-powered hubs or apps, allowing seamless management and
synchronization.
• Personalization: AI learns from user interactions to tailor experiences,
such as adjusting settings, suggesting routines, and anticipating needs,
enhancing convenience and energy efficiency.
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• Applications: Robotics with AI are used in manufacturing (e.g., assembly
lines), healthcare (e.g., surgical robots), agriculture (e.g., harvesting), and
space exploration (e.g., planetary rovers).
• Advancements: AI-powered robotics improve efficiency, precision, and
safety in complex and hazardous environments, augmenting human
capabilities and expanding possibilities for automation.
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508

Course: Artificial
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• AI-Driven Gameplay: AI algorithms enhance gaming experiences
by creating intelligent opponents, adapting gameplay based on
player actions, and generating dynamic game environments.
• Realistic Simulations: AI enables realistic simulations and virtual
worlds, enhancing immersion and realism in video games and
virtual reality (VR) applications.
• Content Generation: AI is used to generate game content such as
levels, characters, and narratives, reducing development time and
enabling endless variations in gaming experiences.
 Programme: BCA -
508

Course: Artificial
Intelligence

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