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Combining ability and RS and RRS

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34 views16 pages

Combining ability and RS and RRS

nbb j

Uploaded by

Mohan Choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Selection for Combining Ability

and
Breeding Systems for Utilization of Heterosis
Types of gene action

 The genes carried by an individual for a particular trait


(genotype) act in different ways to produce their effect
 Additive genetic action: Additive effect of all genes which
influence the character.

a. Breeding value (A)


 Non additive gene action:

a. Allelic: Dominance (D), Over dominance

b. Non allelic: Epistasis (I)


 Genotypic value (G) = A+D+I
 Non-additive genetic effects are not directly transmitted
from parents to offspring, but are important for traits closely
related to fitness or having low heritability

 Non-additive genetic variation, namely dominance and


epistasis, are the result of interactions of alleles and loci at
same or different locus respectively

 Crossbreeding is intensively applied to produce commercial


animals (mostly based on appearance of heterosis) in almost
all species of livestock, especially in poultry and swine
Increasing the frequency of desirable genes with
additive and non additive effects

Selection methods

Additive gene action Non additive gene action


 Genetic progress/response
depend upon the amount of  Crossbreeding
genetic variability (h2) times
S.D
 Recurrent Selection
 Single trait selection  Reciprocal recurrent
 Multiple trait selection selection
Combining ability
 Combining ability is the capacity of an individual to
transmit superior performance to its offspring.

 It is the phenomenon with which inbred line when


crossed give rise to hybrid vigour.
Selection for Combining ability/nicking ability
When purebred individuals are selected on the basis of their
crossbred progeny, it is known as selection for combining
ability. It is also known as inter-population selection
General combining ability (GCA)
 It is the mean performance of a line in all its crosses when
expressed as deviation from mean of all crosses.
 GCA measure additive gene action
Specific combining ability (SCA)
 Any particular cross has an expected value which is sum of
GCA’s of its two parental lines. However, the cross may
deviate from this expected value by lesser or greater extent.
This deviation is called specific combining ability of two
lines.
 SCA exploits non-additive gene action
 Inbred lines are evaluated in crosses and selected
those which give the best cross

 Mostly used in improvement of plants

 Inbred lines in animals not available because of


reduction in fertility and survivability among inbred
(inbreeding depression)

 Crosses made between different breeds or inbred


lines
Combining ability

General Specific

 Average performance of a  Performance of a parent


line in hybrid combination under consideration in a
(crosses) specific cross or represents
deviation from GCA
 Utilizes non additive
 Utilizes additive genetic
genetic variance
variance in base population
 GCA and SCA were originally defined by Sprague and Tatum in
1942.
Schematic diagram of Recurrent Selection (RS)

Population A Inbred tester line

based on test cross


Selective breeding

Random mating
X X
Test cross
X
Population A Inbred tester line

Population A’ Inbred tester line

Random mating
based on test cross
Selective breeding

X X

Test cross
X
Population A Inbred tester line

First proposed by Jenkins in plant breeding in 1940 for GCA and modified by
Hull for GCA as well as SCA in 1945
 The tester line, a highly inbred line presumably homozygous
at most of the loci and known to have a good GCA, is
employed to test the value of new Population (A).

 Females of Population ‘A’ are crossed with males of inbred


tester line.

 Females of Population ‘A’ are selected on the basis of


crossbred progeny performance.

 Selected females of Population ‘A’ are crossbred with males of


line ‘A’ to produce next generation

 Crossbreds are not used for breeding

 This cycle is repeated until the individuals of the population


combine well with tester line.
 For example if the tester line is AA, recurrent selection will
increase the frequency of “a” allele in the segregating
population which eventually will become “aa” there by the
segregating population will become homozygous in a way
complementary to the inbred tester line.

 By this method the GCA of tester line and SCA of cross is


improved.
Reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS)
 RRS is a type of progeny testing system

 Established by Comstock, Robinson and Harvey in 1949

 Application of RRS to animals was first introduced by Bell et


al. (1950) and Heisdorf (1950)
 Reciprocal recurrent selection exploit both GCA and SCA
 Most effective breeding system for maximizing heterosis if
non-additive gene effects, especially overdominance, are
important
 It differs from RS in that 2 segregating populations are
utilized on both side of the cross
Schematic diagram of Reciprocal Recurrent Selection (RRS)
Population A Population B

based on test cross


Selective breeding
based on test cross
Selective breeding X
X
Test cross
MA X FB
FA X M B

Population A’ Population B’

based on test cross


Selective breeding
based on test cross
Selective breeding

X
X
Test cross
MA X FB
FA X M B
 Females of segregating population ‘A’ is crossed with males of
segregating population ‘B’ and vice-versa. Both population serve as
the source material for selection and also serve as the tester for the
other population

 Based on best crossbred progeny (in terms of performance), both


males and females are selected from both populations.

 The selected males are mated with the females of the same
population to produce next generation.

 The offspring/progeny are not used for breeding and used for
commercial purpose.

 The whole cycle is repeated until production of commercial hybrids


by crosses between the two sources/populations
 RS and RRS are effective only if there is a genetic difference
between two segregating populations

 RS and RRS would be expected to be more useful only if


over-dominance or non-additive gene actions (intra allelic
and inter allelic) are important.

 RS and RRS are commonly used in poultry and swine


breeding.

 This method is difficult to be adopted in case of large


animals primarily because of the difficulty and costly in
producing truly inbred lines of high inbreeding coefficient.

 Since RS and RRS involve progeny testing, it increases


generation interval and hence slower the genetic progress.
Thank you

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