Data

Data Communication
Communication
&
&
Computer
Computer Networks
Networks
 Introduction
• Communication in simple words means
sending and receiving information.
• In ancient times people used many
methods to communicate.
• In 1870 Alexander Graham Bell
invented telephone which
revolutionized the way of long distance
communication

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• In 1940 George Stibitz and
Samuel Williams developed
Complex Number generator.
They made possible for users to
operate the computer remotely
from teletype machine.

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 Advantages
• Facilitate to exchange data and
information( data Communication).

• Sharing expensive resources like

printer, backup storage devices,
scanners and other devices.

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 Data Communication
• D C is the exchange of data between
two devices using some form of wired
or wireless transmission medium.
• It includes transfer and the
preservation of the data during the
transfer process.

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 Fundamental Character
• Delivery.-intended destination
•
• Accuracy-data accurately (error
free)
•.
• Timeliness (timely manner).

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 Components of DC
• Message- information that is to be
communicated
• Sender- Source or device
• Receiver- destination or device that receive
message.
• medium-physical path that communicate msg
from sender to receiver.
• Protocol-set of rules that coordinate the
exchange of information.

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 Data Transmission Mode
• Simplex-Unidirectional
• Half duplex- bidirectional. This devices
can receive and transmit information
but not at the same time
• Full duplex-also known as duplex mode.
Allows both communicate devices to
transmit and receive data
simultaneously

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 Analog Signal

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 Analog Signal

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 Analog to Digital

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 Three Characteristics
• Amplitude – it the value of signal
at any point on the Wave.
• Frequency – number of cycle a
signal complete in one second.
• Wavelength- distance between
successive similar point of a wave.

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 DC Measurement
• Bandwidth –maximum volume of information
that can be transferred over any
communication medium.
• Narrowband- single transmission channel
64kbps or less.
• Wideband-supporting wide range of
frequenies.1.544mps – 45mbps
• Broadband-wide range, multiple signals by
dividing the total capacity of medium into
multiple independent bandwidth channels,
where each channels operates only on a
specific range of frequencies. The bandwidth
is equal to 45mbps.

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 Transmission Media
• TM refers to the physical media through
which communication signals (data and
information) are transferred.
• The signals transmitted from one
device to another one through
electromagnetic signals. which is
combination of electric and magnetic
fields.

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 Guided media
• Guided transmission media use a
cabling system that guide the data
signals along a specific path. eg
cables
• It is also known as bound medium.
• They are three type twisted pair,
coaxial cable and optical cable

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 Twisted pair
• The most commonly used transmission
media.
• The name comes from the fact that
each individually insulated conductor is
a part of a pair. Each pair is twisted
along its length.
• One wire is used for receiving signal
and other for transmitting data signal.
• Used for short distance communication
less than 100 meter

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 Two Types of TP
• 1. unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
• Most commonly used.
• Good for both data and voice
communication

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 Shielded twisted pair
(STP)

• This cable has a metal foil or

braided-mesh covering that cover
each pair of insulated conductor.
• It eliminate cross talk
• Prevent infiltration of
electromagnetic noise.

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 Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable is very common and widely
used communication media. Coaxial cable
gets its name because it contains two
conductors that are parallel to each other.
• CC have single central conductor which is
made up of solid wire (Copper).
• This wire is surrounded by an insulator
over which sleeve of metal mesh is woven
to block any outside interference.
• This metal mesh is again shielded by an
outer cover (usually PVC)
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• The actual data travels through
the center conductor in the cable.
EMI interference is caught by
outer copper mesh.
• Difficult to install
• Support long distance
• Offer higher bandwidth
• More expensive
• Data transfer is cheap
• Commonly
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used TV network.
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 Optical fibre
• Fiber optics cable is made up of glass or
plastic and transmits signal in the form of
light.
• Mean while TP and CC transmit data in the
form of current.
• OFC consists of thin glass fiber that can
carry information in the form of visible light.
• they use reflection to guide light through a
channel.

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• Ofc consists of a very narrow strand
of glass called core.
• Around the core is a concentric
layer of glass is called gladding
which is less dense glass or plastic.
• If a ray of light travelling through
one substance suddenly enters
another substance the ray change
direction
• ofc has bandwidth more than 2gbps

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Ofc communication

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 Unguided Media
• Unguided media is the wireless
media.
• Unguided transmission media is data
signals that flows through the air. (rf)
• It simply transports electro
magenetic waves without using any
physical conductor.

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• Guide medium are used point-to
point connections between two
device while unguided medium
allow signals to be send out
informally across multiple area
reaching a wide verity of systems.
• Three type of wireless media
• Radio waves
• Micro wave
• Infrared waves.

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 . Radio waves
• It has frequency between 10 K Hz to 1
G Hz. Radio waves has the
following types.
• Short waves
• VHF (Very High Frequency)
• UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

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 Micro waves

• Micro waves travels at high frequency than

radio waves and provide throughput as a
• wireless network media. Micro wave
transmission requires the sender to be
inside of the
• receiver. The two types of Micro waves are
• • Terrestrial Micro waves
• • Satellite Micro waves

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 Infrared
• Infrared frequencies are just below the
visible light. These high frequencies
allow high speed data transmission.
This technology is similar to the use of
a remote control for a TV.
• Infrared transmission can be affected
by objects obstructing sender or
receiver. These transmissions fall into
two categories.
• • Point to point
• • Broadcast
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 Transmission mode
• There are two possible techniques of sending data from the
sender to receiver, i.e.:-
• (1) Parallel transmission
• (2) Serial transmission
• In parallel transmission each bit of character / data has a
separate channel and all bits
• of a character are transmitted simultaneously. Here the
transmission is parallel, character by
• character. In serial transmission, the data is sent as one bit at
a time having a signal channel
• for the entire bit, i.e.

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• On serial transmission it is very essential to
know exactly where one character ends and
the next begins.
• The necessary synchronization that helps
determine which bit is the first bit of the
incoming character may be synchronous or
asynchronous.
• The advantage of serial over parallel
transmission is that with only one
communication channel, the cost of
transmission can be reduced by a factor of n.
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 Transmission Mode
• The transmission of data from one
device to another is to decided whether
to send data one bit (serial) at a time or
to send a group of bits (parallel).
• In serial one bit at a time hence only
one communication channel is required.
so cost is reduced and required more
time to communicate.

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• In parallel mode multiple bits are sent
at any given instance. it required more
channel for communication. So cost is
high. But time for communication is
less.
• Serial transmission are categorized into
two asynchronous and synchronous

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 Asynchronous
Transmission (ATM)
• AT is so called because timing of the
signal is not important.
• The information that is received or
transmitted follows a predefined
pattern.
• A synchronizing pulse is necessary for
the receiver to know when the data is
coming and when it is ending.

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• Hence each byte of information is
preceded by a start bit ( denoted
by 0) and ended by a stop bit (1).
• So total number of bits become
ten.
• It is slower than other mode of
transmission but it cheaper.

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 Direction of flow

Sender
Receiver
1 11001011 0

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 Synchronous
transmission
• SM mode of transmission works on the same
media as the synchronous transmission but
the transmitter does not send start and stop
bits to the receiver.
• The receiver’s clock is synchronized with the
transmitter’s clock.
• That means data is transmitted as an
unbroken string of 1’s and 0’s and receiver on
the clock timing , separate the string into
bytes.

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• Timing is very important in SM mode
• Advantage is speed. With no extra
start and stop bits over head is
lessened, increasing the speed of
transmission. So it is useful for high-
speed application ( mainly computer
to computer )

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 Isochronous

• In real time audio and video in which uneven delays between

frames are not acceptable, synchronous transmission fails.
• If each image is sent by using one or more frames,
• there should be no delays between frames. For this type of
application, synchronization
• between characters is not enough and the entire stream of
bits must be synchronized.
• The isochronous transmission guarantees that the data
arrive at a fixed rate.
•

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 Switching
• On a network switching means
routing traffic by setting up
temporary connections between two
or more network points.
• Done by devices located at different
locations on the network called
switches (exchange)

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 Cont…
• In a network some switches are
directly connected to the
communicating devices while
others used for routing of
forwarding information.

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 Circuit Switching
• When a device want to
communicate with another device
circuit switching technique creates
a fixed bandwidth channel called a
circuit between source and
destination.
• This circuit is reserved exclusively
for a particular information flow and
no other flow can use it.
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 Circuit Switching
• The path taken by data between its
source and destination is determined
by the circuit on which it is flowing and
does not change during the lifetime of
the connections.
• The circuit is terminated when the
connection is closed. So the name

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 Packet Switching
• Circuit switching was designed for voice
communication.
(disadvantage ;capacity wastage).
• Packet switching introduces the idea of
breaking data into packets, which are
discrete units of potentially variable
length blocks of data.
• This packets also contain a header with
control information like the destination
address, priority of message and so on.

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 Cont…
• These packets are passed by the source
points to its local Packets Switching
Exchange (PSE)
• When the PSE receives a packet, it
inspects the destination address
contained in the packet.
• Each PSE contains a navigation
directory specifying the outgoing links
to be used for each network address.

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 Cont…
• On receipt of each packet, the PSE
examines the packet header
information and then and then either
removes the header or forwards the
packets to another system.
• If channel is not free, then the packet is
placed in a queue until the channel
becomes free.

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 Cont…
• As each packet is received at each
transitional PSE along the route it is
forwarded on the appropriate link
mixed with other packets.
• At the destination PSE, the packet is
finally passed to its destination.
• Not all packets traveling between the
same two points, even those from
single message

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 Cont…
• After reaching their destination each
packet is put into order by a Packet
Assembler and Disassembler (PAD).
• Since the packets are short the
communication links between the
nodes are only allocated to transferring
a single message for a short period
while transmitting each packets.

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 Cont…
• Longer message require a series
of packets to be sent
• This allows packets belongings to
other messages to be sent
between original one.
• PC provides fairer and efficient
sharing of resources.

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 Cont…
• If no data available at the sender
no packet is transmitted over the
network and no resources are
wasted.

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 Message Switching
• MS technique employs the stored and
forward mechanism.
• It required computer system with large
memory.
• It receive message from sender and
stores it into its memory.
• Find free route and send the stored
information to the intended receiver.

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 Cont…
• A message is always delivered to
one device where it is stored and
then routed to its destination.
• It require a large capacity of data
storage.
• Time delay in storing and
forwarding the message.

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 Computer Network
• A Collection of two or more computers
which are connected together to share
information and resources.
• The computer and other devices are
connected through a cable is called
network and the concept of connected
computer sharing resources is called
networking.

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 Client/server network
• Centralized host computer known
as server and individual
workstations are known as client.
• Servers provide access to
resources while the clients have
access to the resources available
on the servers.
• Eg email service.

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 Cont…
• Generally server software runs on
a computer dedicated solely for
hosting that software and
supporting its services.
• Client software runs on the
common personal computer or
workstations.

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 Peer-to-peer network
P2P
• Computer network does not rely on
dedicated servers for communication
instead it uses direct connections
between clients (peers)
• Equal peer nodes that
simultaneously function as both
clients and servers to the order
nodes on the network.

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 Cont…
• Every node is able to initiate or complete
any supported transaction( file transfer)
with the other connected node.
• Upper limit is 10 to 25 nodes.
• Primarily for small to medium local
networks.
• Most of the file-sharing services integrate
both p2p and client/ server network.

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 Categories
• LAN computer network that covers
only a small geographical area.
• One computer designated as file
server which stores all the
software that control the network.
• Other workstations are connected
to the file server.
• Lan cable are used for connecting
• It offer 10 to 100 mbps bandwidth.
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 MAN
• Computer network spread over a
metropolitan area.

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 WAN
• Interconnecting over a large
geographical area .
• It uses telephone lines , satellite
links and other long range
communication technologies.

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