Chapter 6

Strain Energy and Related Principles

Work Done by Surface and Body Forces on
Elastic Solids Is Stored Inside the Body in
the Form of Strain Energy
Tn

U
F

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Uniaxial Extensional Deformation
u
u dx
x

y 

dy

dz
dx
u

x 

z x

x u x x u
dU  d (u  dx)dydz   dudydz  d ( )dxdydz
0 x 0 0 x U = Area
Under Curve
u  x d  2x
ex  x dU   dxdydz  dxdydz
x E 0 E 2E
dU  2x Eex2 1 e
U     x ex . . . Strain Energy Density ex
dxdydz 2 E 2 2

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Shear Deformation
y

u
dy
y yx

xy
dy

dx x
v
x
dx 
xy

1  2xy 2xy U = Area

U   xy xy   Under Curve
2 2 2


xy

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 General Deformation Case
1 1
U  (  x e x   y e y   z e z   xy xy   yz yz   zx zx )   ij eij
2 2
Total Strain Energy U T 
Udxdydz
V

In Terms of Strain
1
U ( e )  e jj ekk  eij eij
2
1 1 1 1
 ( e x  e y  e z ) 2  ( e x2  e 2y  e z2  2xy  2yz  2zx )
2 2 2 2

In Terms of Stress
1  
U (σ )   ij  ij   jj  kk
2E 2E
1  2 
 (  x   2y   2z  2 2xy  2 2yz  2 2zx )  ( x   y   z ) 2
2E 2E
Note Strain Energy Is Positive Definite Quadratic Form U 0

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example Problem y

P
x
2c

StressFieldfromExercise8- 2:
3P 3P  y2 
 x  3 xy ,  xy  1   ,  y  z  yz  zx 0
2c 4c  c 2 
1  2  2 1 1  2
U
2E
 
 x  2 2xy 
2E
 x   2x 
2E E
 xy

1 c L 1 1  2 
U T  UdV     2x   xy  dxdydz
0 c 0
 2E E 
c  1 2 1  2 
L

c
 x   xy  dxdy
0
 2 E E 
2
1 c L 9P 2 2 2 1   c L 9P 2  y2 
2 E  c 0 4c 6 E  c 0 16c 2  c 2 
 x y dxdy  1   dxdy

P 2 L2 9 P 2 L(1  )
 
4 Ec 3 Ec

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Derivative Operations on Strain Energy
For the Uniaxial Deformation Case:
U ( e )   Eex2  U (σ )    2x   x
    Eex  x     e x
e x e x  2   x  x  2 E  E

For the General Deformation Case:

U ( e ) U (σ )
 ij  , eij 
eij  ij
ij  kl

ekl eij
Cijkl C klij
eij ekl

 kl ij
Therefore Cij = Cji, and thus there are only 21 independent
elastic constants for general anisotropic elastic materials

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Decomposition of Strain Energy
Strain Energy May Be Decomposed into Two Parts Associated With
Volumetric Deformation Uv , and Distortional Deformation, Ud

U U v  U d

1~ ~ 1 1  2 1  2
Uv   e
ij ij   e
jj kk   
jj kk  ( x   y   z ) 2
2 6 6E 6E
1
Ud  [(  x   y ) 2  (  y   z ) 2  (  z   x ) 2  6(  2xy   2yz   2zx )]
12

Failure Theories of Solids Incorporate Strain Energy of

Distortion by Proposing That Material Failure or Yielding Will
Initiate When Ud Reaches a Critical Value

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Bounds on Elastic Constants
Simple Tension Pure Shear Hydrostatic
Compression

 p 0 0 
 ij   0  p 0   p ij
 
 0 0  p 

1  2  3p2
  0 0  0  0 U 3p  ( 3 p) 2  (1  2)
2E 2E 2E
 ij   0 0 0  ij    0 0
   
1
 0 0 0  0 0 0 1  2  0   
2
1  2  2 2 1  2 2
U     U ( 2 )  (1  )
2E 2E 2E 2E E 1
 1  k 0 , 0
1   0     1 2
E 0

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Related Integral Theorems
Clapeyron’s Theorem The strain energy of an elastic solid in static equilibrium is equal to
n
one-half the work done by the external body forces Fi and surface tractionsTi

2 UdV  Ti n ui dS   Fi ui dV
V S V

Betti/Rayleigh Reciprocal Theorem If an elastic body is subject to two body and surface
force systems, then the work done by the first system of forces {T(1), F(1) } acting through the
displacements u(2) of the second system is equal to the work done by the second system of
forces {T(2), F(2) } acting through the displacements u(1) of the first system

T ui( 2 ) dS   Fi (1) ui( 2 ) dV Ti ( 2 ) ui(1) dS   Fi ( 2 ) ui(1) dV

(1)
i
S V S V

Integral Formulation of Elasticity - Somigliana’s Identity Represents an integral statement

of the elasticity problem. Result is used in development of boundary integral equation
methods (BIE) in elasticity, and leads to computational technique of boundary element
methods (BEM)
cu j ()  [Ti ( x )Gij ( x , )  u i Tikj ( x , )nk ]dS   Fi Gij ( x , )dV
S V

Gij is the displacement Green’s function to the elasticity equations and

 1,  in V
1
Tijk ( x , ) Glk ,l ij  (Gik , j  G jk ,i ) c  ,  on S
2
 0 ,  outside V

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island