MODULE ONE

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.1

 Outline

 Units of Measurement

 Basic Mathematical
Operations
 Indices

 Graphs

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.2

 End-of-Module Objective
 At the training centre, given the Dispatch
Fundamental Course Manual the trainees will
be able to Perform Basic Mathematical
Operations, in accordance with NCAT Training
Manual, FSTM 002 Chapter 4 and Nig.CARs,
2015

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.3

 Intermediate Objectives
 Identify Units of Measurement of Physical
Quantities
 Perform Basic Mathematical Operations

 Manipulate Indices

 Interpret Graphs

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.4

 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

 Mathematical operation includes four basic

operations:

 Addition (+)

 Subtraction (-)

 Multiplication (* or x)

 Division ( : or /)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.5

 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

 Keep in mind, even though the operations and

the examples shown here are pretty simple, they
provide the basis for even the most complex
operations used in mathematics

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.6

 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

Addition
 Addition is the most basic operation of arithmetic

 In its simplest form, addition combines two

quantities into a single quantity, or sum

 For example, say you have a group of 2 boxes and

another group of 3 boxes

 If you combine both groups together, you now have

one group of
5 boxes
 To represent this idea in mathematical terms:
2+3=5
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.7
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

Subtraction
 Subtraction is the opposite of addition

 Instead of adding quantities together, we are

removing one quantity from another to find the
difference between the two

 Continuing the previous example, say you start with a

group of 5 boxes

 If you then remove 3 boxes from that group, you are

left with 2 boxes. In mathematical terms: 5−3=2
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.8
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
Multiplication
 Multiplication also combines multiple
quantities into a single quantity, called the
product

 In fact, multiplication can be thought of as a

consolidation of many additions

 Specifically, the product of x and y is the result of

x added together y times

 For example, one way of counting four groups of

two boxes is to add the groups together:
11/26/202
2+2+2+2=8FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.9
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
 Another way to count the boxes is to
multiply the quantities:

 2⋅4=8

 Note that both methods give you the same result—

8—but in many cases, particularly when you have
large quantities or many groups, multiplying can
be much faster

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.10

 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

Division
 Division is the inverse of multiplication

 Rather than multiplying quantities together to

result in a larger value, you are splitting a
quantity into a smaller value, called the
quotient

 Again, to return to the box example, splitting up

a group of 8 boxes into 4 equal groups results in
4 groups of 2 boxes: 8÷4=2
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.11
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
The Basic Arithmetic Properties

 Commutative Property

 The commutative property describes equations in which

the order of
the numbers involved does not affect the result

 Addition and multiplication, for example, are

commutative operations:

 2+3=3+2=5

 5⋅2=2⋅5=10

 Note: Subtraction and division, however, are not

commutative
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.12
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
 Associative Property

 The associative property describes equations in

which the
grouping of the numbers involved does not affect the
result

 As with the commutative property, addition and

multiplication
are associative operations:

 (2+3)+6=2+(3+6)=11

 (4⋅1)⋅2=4⋅(1⋅2)=8
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.13
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

 Distributive Property

 The distributive property can be used when the

sum of two quantities is then multiplied by a
third quantity

 (2 + 4)⋅3 = 2⋅3 + 4⋅3 = 18

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.14

 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

Negative Numbers

 Arithmetic operations can be performed on

negative numbers according to specific rules

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.15

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
 The System International d'Unites (the international
system of units), the so-called SI unit, is essentially
a metric system
 It is Quantity
based upon seven fundamental
Unit units Symbol
1 Length The Meter m
2 Mass The kilogram kg
3 Time The second s
4 Electric Current The ampere A
5 Luminous Intensity The candela cd
6 Temperature The kelvin K
7 Amount of Substance The mole mole

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.16

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
 For many applications some of the above units
are too small or too large and hence multiples
and sub multiples are often needed

 These multiples and sub-multiples are given special

names which are as follows:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.17

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.18

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

 Below are listed some of the physical quantities

you will meet during the course with their SI
and equivalent Imperial units

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.19

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Physical Quantity SI Units Imperial Units
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

Length metre m foot ft

Mass kilogram kg pound Ib

Time second s second s

Electric Current ampere A ampere A

Thermodynamic kelvin K kelvin K

Temperature
Area - m2 - ft2
11/26/2022 FS COLLEGE OF N TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.20
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Physical SI Units Imperial Units
Quantity
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

Volume - m3 - ft3

Force or weight Newton N Pound force Ibf

Speed or velocity m/s or km/hr - Ft/sec or mph -

Electromagnetic volt v volt v

force(emf) or
potential difference
(pd)
Resistance Ohm Ω Ohm Ω

Power Watt W Horse power HP

 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

 There are many more physical quantities than

those listed above and you will have these
explained during the course

 In order to reduce any confusion all work must be

carried out using only one system of units, mixed
units for example torque is Newton metre or lbft
but is never Newton ft or pound metre

 Also, to rationalize with the rest of the world, the

Imperial
Units are being phased out.
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.22
 FRACTIONS
 Vulgar Fractions, or proper fractions, may be
defined as fractions less than one

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.23

 FRACTIONS
 Improper Fractions are fractions which are greater
than one

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.24

 FRACTIONS

 Mixed numbers include whole numbers and

vulgar fractions

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.25

 FRACTIONS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.26

 FRACTIONS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.27

 FRACTIONS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.28

 FRACTIONS
 Cancelling improper fractions involves exactly
the same process as cancelling vulgar fractions

 For example 1:

 For example,
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.29

 FRACTIONS
Multiplication
 Express all mixed numbers as improper
fractions.
 Cancel vertically if possible

 Cancel across the multiplication sign if

possible.
 Multiply numerators together; multiply
denominators.
 If the result is an improper fraction, convert to

11/26/202 a mixedFS number

NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.30
 FRACTIONS
 Example
1:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.31

 FRACTIONS
 Example
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.32

 FRACTIONS
Division

 Convert all mixed numbers to improper fractions,

invert the fraction you are dividing by, and then
proceed as for multiplication

 Example 1:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.33

 FRACTIONS
 Example
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.34

 FRACTIONS
 Mixed Multiplication and Division can be carried out
by simply inverting all the fractions preceded by a
division sign and then treating the calculation as
multiplication only

 Example:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.35

 FRACTIONS

Practice Questions on Fractions: I

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.36

 FRACTIONS
Addition
 Express all fractions as mixed numbers in
lowest terms

 Add the whole numbers together

 To add the vulgar fractions, you must

convert each fraction so that the
denominators are all the same

 This is done by finding the Lowest Common

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.37
 FRACTIONS
 Example
1:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.38

 FRACTIONS
 Example
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.39

 FRACTIONS
 NB If your addition of fractions results
:improper in
fraction
an you must convert this to a mixed
number as shown in example (2)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.40

 FRACTIONS
Subtraction

 The same basic procedure should be

used for subtraction as for addition

 Example 1:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.41

 FRACTIONS
 Example
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.42

 FRACTIONS
 Mixed Addition and Subtraction can be
carried out exactly as above

 Example 1:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.43

 FRACTIONS
 Example
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.44

 FRACTIONS
 Remember that your final step in any calculation
must be to simplify (cancel fractions).

 Example:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.45

 FRACTIONS

Practice Questions on Fractions: II

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.46

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

 In expressions involving addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division there is a definite
order in which to proceed

 Consider the following example:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.47

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.48

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.49

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

 Obviously, there should only be one correct

solution and a definite convention has therefore
been agreed upon

 In the above example, the second method is

correct

 Note that, as well as addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division signs, expressions can
contain the word "of' and brackets

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.50

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

 "Of' is equivalent to multiply, except that this

operation must be carried out before any
divisions whereas division is normally carried
out before multiplication

 Brackets indicate that whatever is within them

is to be treated separately and simplified
before other terms

 A simple mnemonic helps us to remember the

order in which to simplify expressions:

 Brackets
11/26/202 FS
Of NIGERIAN
Divide Multiply Add Subtract
COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.51
 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"
 This rule does not alter the method used for
Additions and Subtractions; however, these must
be left until all Multiplications and Divisions have
been carried out unless Brackets indicate
otherwise

 Example 1:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.52

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

 Example
2:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.53

 FRACTIONS "BODMAS"

Practice Questions “BODMAS”:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.54

 RATI
O

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.55

 RATI
O

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.56

 RATI
O
 Example 1: Express the ratio 5 cm to 2 metres
in its simplest form:

 2 metres = 2 x 100 = 200 cm

 5:200 =

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.57

 RATI
O

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.58

 RATI
O

Practice Questions RATIO:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.59

 PERCENTAGE
S fractions, it is often
 When comparing
convenient to express them with a
denominator of 100

 Fractions expressed with a denominator of 100

are called percentages

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.60

 PERCENTAGE
S
 The sign % is often used instead of the words
per cent. To convert a fraction or decimal into a
percentage

 Examples:

 1.
2 0.3 = 0.3 x 100 =
. 30%
3 0.245 = 0.245 X 100 =
. 24.5%
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.61
 PERCENTAGE
S

Exercises on Percentages:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.62

 DECIMALS
 Decimals are a very important and
particular set of fractions

 They are fractions whose denominators are

powers of 19; i.e. 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 etc. (do
not be concerned about the meaning of "powers
of 10”, you will deal with this later in the
course)

 Decimals are not written in the usual fraction

form but in
shorthand using a decimal point
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.63
 DECIMALS
 Example
s:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.64

 DECIMALS
 If you have difficulty in relating decimals to
fractions the following table may help:

1 1 1
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units Tenths Hundredths Thousandths

10 100 1000
1000 100 10 1

5 3 4 6 . 7 9 2

 The number in the table is 5346.792. It

consists of 5 thousands, 3 hundreds, 4 tens,
6 units, 7 tenths, 9 hundredths and 2
thousandths.
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.65
 DECIMALS
 The number of digits after the decimal point
are called
decimal places
 For
example:
has one decimal
 27.6 place
 27.16 has two decimal
 27.026 places has three
 101.203 decimal places has
11/26/202
2 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.66
 DECIMALS
 In addition of decimals particular care must be
taken in ensuring that decimal points are in line

 For example: Evaluate 3.76 + 0.021 + 68.3.

3.76
0.021
+ 68.3
72.081

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.67

 DECIMALS
 Similarly, in subtraction, ensure that decimal
points are in line

 For example: Evaluate 27.3 - 4.36.

27.3
- 4.36
22.94

 Note: 27.3 can be taken as 27.30

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.68

 DECIMALS
 When multiplying decimals, ignore the decimal
point until the final answer is obtained

 Then count the number of decimal places in both

numbers being multiplied

 This is the number of decimal places in the

answer. For example: Evaluate 27.3 x 9.31 (NB:
a total of 3 decimal places)

 27.3 x 9.31 = 254.163 (3 dpl)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.69

 DECIMALS
 In division it is easier to divide by a whole number
than by a decimal

 To make the divisor (the number you are dividing

by) into a whole number, move the decimal point a
specific number of places to the right

 You must then also move the decimal point in the

dividend (the number you are dividing into) to the right
by the same number of decimal places

 For example: Evaluate 24.024 ÷ 4.62

 24.024 ÷ 4.62 = 2402.4 ÷ 462

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.70

 DECIMALS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.71

 DECIMALS

Practice Questions Decimals:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.72

 AVERAGE
S

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.73

 AVERAGE
S

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.74

 AVERAGE
S

Exercises on Averages:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.75

 CONVERSIONS

 Conversions between quantities are regularly

carried out by Air Engineers

 Calculate the following using the Dalton MK4A

Computer then check your answers by longhand
methods

 Given that one litre = 0.220 imperial gallons,

convert:
• 7820 imperial gallons to litres (3 sf)

11/26/202 • 7820
FS
litres to imperial gallons (3 sf)
NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.76
 CONVERSIONS
 Given that one litre = 0.220 imperial gallons,
find the equivalent in litres of one imperial
gallon

 Given that one kg = 2.201b convert:

• 19,500 lb to kg
• 14,800 kg to lb

 Given that one kg = 2.20 lb, find the

equivalent in kilogrammes of one pound

 Using the following line conversion chart,

convert the following
quantities into each of the other 2 units.
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.77
 CONVERSIONS

(1 423 imperial
) gallons
(2 423 litres
)
One US gallon.
(3
)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.78

 PROPORTION

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.79

 PROPORTION
 Therefore, A = kB

 Thus the sign α can always be replaced by "equals

a
constant times .. .“

 If one pair of values of “A” and “B” is known, these

can be
put into the formula, and the value of “k” can be
calculated

 For example, if A = 25,000 when B = 40, we have:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.80
 PROPORTION

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.81

 PROPORTION

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.82

 PROPORTION
 Hence, AB = k

 If one pair of values is known, then k can be

evaluated, and a general formula derived

 For example, if A = 7, when B = 300, we have:

 7 x 300 = k

 Therefore, k = 2,100

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.83

 PROPORTION
 This gives the general relationship:

 AB = 2100

 For which, if A (or B) is known, B (or A) can be

evaluated

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.84

 PROPORTION

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.85

 PROPORTION

Exercises on Proportionality:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.86

 INDICES
Index Notation

 1,000 can be written as 10 x 10 x 10 and 10 x 10

x10 can
be written as 103

 10 in this context, is called the base and 3 is called

the
index

 103 is called the power of 10.

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.87

 INDICES
 The index tells us how many times the base
multiplies itself

 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 25

 5 x 5 x 5 = 53

 a × a × a × a = a4

 10 × l 0 = 102

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.88

 INDICES
 There are certain rules relating to the
multiplication and division of powers having the
same base that must be remembered
Multiplication

 a5 x a3 = a × a × a × a × a ×a × a ×a= a8

 We could have arrived at this result by adding

the indices

 Therefore, a5 x a3 = a5+3 = a8

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.89

 INDICES
Division

 We could have arrived at this result by

subtracting the indices

 Therefore, a5 ÷ a3 = a5-3 = a3

Note: The rules for multiplication and division

only apply when we are dealing with powers
to the same base
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.90
 INDICES

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.91

 INDICES
 Note: If the index is transferred from the
numerator to the denominator, or vice versa,
change the sign of the index.

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.92

 Indices
Fractional
= indices
a1/3

a⅔
=

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.93

 Indices

Exercises on Indices:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.94

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I
 Most formulae are remembered in a standard form,
but for the purpose of solving a particular
problem, it is often necessary to express a formula
differently

 This involves changing the subject of the formula

and this process is called transposition

 In the formula A = LB, A is the subject

 In the formula S = ut + ½ at2 S is the subject

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.95

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.96

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.97

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.98

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I
 If y = x + c, transpose this formula to make x the
subject

 Subtract c from both sides: y - c = x

 :. X = y – C

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.99

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I
 If , transpose the formula to make q the
subject

 Multiply both sides by r: Pr = q – m

 Add m to both sides: Pr + m = q

 Hence, q = pr + m.

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.100

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I
 If, after transposition, the subject is negative it can
be made positive by multiplying both sides by -1

 For example: If y - x = m, transpose this formula to

make x the subject

- x = m – y

 Now multiply both sides by - 1:

x = y – m
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.101
 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE I

Exercises on Transposition I:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.102

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE II
 When two or more numbers or letters are
multiplied together, each is a factor of the
product

 3 x 2 = 6, therefore, 3 and 2 are factors of 6.

 a x b = ab, therefore a and b are factors of

ab.

 5(a + b) =5a+ 5b,

 :. 5 and (a+ b) are factors of 5a + 5b

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.103
 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE II
 Factorization is, therefore, the reverse of
multiplication

 5a + 5b = 5(a + b)

 x2 – xy = x(x - y)

 pr + 2ps = P(r + 2s)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.104

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE II

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.105

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE II

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.106

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE II

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.107

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE II

Exercises on Transposition II:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.108

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
 The square root of a given number is such that
when the square root is multiplied by itself the
original number is again obtained

 For example:
 The square root of 4 is 2 because 22 = 4

 The square root of 9 is 3 because 32 = 9

 The square root of 25 is 5 because 52 = 25

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.109

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
 The cube root of a given number is such that
when it is cubed the original number is again
obtained

 Example:

 The cube root of 8 is 2 because 23 = 8

 The cube root of 125 is 5 because 53 = 125

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.110

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
 It follows from the above that the nth root of a given
number is such that when it is raised to the power
‘n’ the original number is obtained

 For example:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.111

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
 NOTE: You should remember that, providing we
add or subtract equal numbers or letters to both
sides of equations or formulae, or multiply or
divide both sides of equations or formulae by
the same number or letter, the truth of the
equation or formula is unaffected. We can now
extend this concept to include powers and roots

 Example: 32 = 9 (Taking square roots of both

sides)

 Example: 53 = 125 (Taking cube roots of both

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.112
 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.113

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III

Exercises on Transposition III

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.114

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE IV
 There are special cases of change of the subject
of formulae or equations that involve the
varieties discussed in the previous sections

 If in any doubt, follow the following sequence:

 First: remove root signs

 Second: remove fractions

 Third: remove brackets

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.115

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
 Fourth: rearrange formula collecting all terms
containing the required letter on one side of the
equation and all the other terms on the other
side

 Fifth: take the subject out as a common factor

 Sixth: divide through by the coefficient of the

subject

 Seventh: take roots (if necessary)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.116
 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
 The first 3 steps may be carried out in a different
order for certain problems

 But all roots, fractions and brackets should be

removed before carrying out the fourth step

 It may not always be necessary to use all the

above steps but, nevertheless, the sequence
should be followed

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.117

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III
Examples

 Transpose v2 = u2 + 2fs, to make u the subject

 Transpose make ‘g’ the subject to

make ‘g’ the subject

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.118

 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULAE III

Exercises on Transposition IV

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.119

 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Significant figures may be defined as those which
must be retained for any position of the decimal
point

 Examples:

 4.03 has 3 significant figures

 403 has 3 significant figures since 403 x 10·2 =

4.030.004
 03 has 3 significant figures since 0 004 03 x 103
= 4.03
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.120
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 The concept of significant figures must not be
confused with that of decimal places

 Consider the following:

 72 has 2 significant figures

 72.0 has 3 significant figures

 0.72 has 2 significant figures.

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.121
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 0.0058 has 2 significant figures.

 0.004 03 has 3 significant

figures.

 1.005 has 4 significant figures.

 0.001 070 has 4 significant

figures.

 630 I00 has 6 significant

11/26/202 figures. FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.122
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 It should be noted from the above that zeros
prior to the first non-zero figure are not
significant but that all zeros after the first non-
zero figure are significant

 This must be remembered when stating an

answer correct to a certain number of
significant figures

 123.791 = 123.8 correct to 4 significant

figures
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.123
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 1.001 237 = 1.00 correct to 3 significant
figures

 7234 = 7230 correct to 3 significant

figures

 Note: While 7230 has 4 significant figures it

is only accurate to 3 significant figures

 83 247 = 83 200 correct to 3 significant

figures

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.124

 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Exercises on Significant Figures

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.125

 ASSIGNMENT

 Solve the problems on page 45 in your notes:

Titled
“General Quick Arithmetic”

 Submit your work first thing tomorrow

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.126

 GRAPHS
LINEAR GRAPHS
 In science and engineering use is made of pictorial
illustrations to present and compare quantities of
the same kind

 These diagrams help the reader to understand

what deduction can be drawn from the quantities
represented in the diagram

 The most common form of diagram is the graph

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.127

 GRAPHS
 Axes of Reference
 To plot a graph two lines are drawn at right angles
to each other
 These lines are called the axes of reference, their
point of intersection is called the origin, ‘O’

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.128

 GRAPHS
 Scale: A suitable scale is used for each axis, the
scales need not be the same on both axes

 Co-ordinates: Co-ordinates are used to mark a

point or points on a graph

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.129

 GRAPHS
 Point P has been plotted as, x = 8:y = 10

 The values of 8 and 10 are the rectangular co-

ordinates of P, i.e. P is the point (8, 10)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.130

 GRAPHS
 Dependent and Independent variables

 Consider the equation Y = x2

 y is said to be dependent on x and is known as

the DEPENDENT VARIABLE and is plotted on
the vertical axis

 It follows then that x is the INDEPENDENT

VARIABLE and
is plotted on the horizontal axis
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.131
 GRAPHS
 For any pair of values there is always a
dependent and independent variable and by
convention the independent variable is placed on
the x axis

 Drawing a graph: Every graph shows a relationship

between two sets of numbers
X 0 2 4 6 8
Y 0 4 16 36 6
4
 To plot the graph, draw the two axes of reference and
choose suitable scales

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.132

 GRAPHS
X 0 2 4 6 8
Y 0 4 16 36 6
4

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.133

 GRAPHS
 The graph may be used to find corresponding values of
x and y between those given in the table

 Example, when x = 3, y = 9

 Using a graph in this way to find values which are not

given in
the table is called interpolation

 If the curve is extended to follow a general trend, value

of x and y can be extended

 e.g. when x = 9, y = 81

 Finding probable
11/26/202 FS values
NIGERIAN inOFthis
COLLEGE way
AVIATION is called
TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.134
 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS
Sine Function: The graph of y = Sin(x)

 One way to graph the function y=sin(x) is to

construct a
table of x and y values for y=sin(x)

 The table below lists some of the values for the

sine
function

 Coordinate pairs (x,y) for the function y=sin(x)

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.135

 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS

 Plotting the points from the table and continuing

along the
x-axis gives the shape of the sine function

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.136

 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS
 Since the trigonometric functions repeat every 2π
radians (360∘), we get, for example, the following
graph of the function y=sinx for x in the interval
[−2π,2π]:

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.137

 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS
Cosine Function: The graph of y = cos(x)

 Now let’s take a similar look at the cosine function

 To graph the cosine function, we could again use

the unit circle idea (using the x-coordinate of a
point that moves around the circle), or we can
create a table of values and use them to sketch a
graph

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.138

 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS
 Table below lists some of the values for the cosine
function

 As with the sine function, we can plots points to

create a
graph of the cosine function

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.139

 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS
 Once again, because trigonometric functions of
coterminal angles have exactly the same values,
the cosine function, like the sine function, is
periodic, and has a period of 2π

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.140

 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

 A quadratic function is a polynomial function of

degree 2 which can be written in the general
form

 f(x)=ax2+bx+c

 Here a, b and c represent real numbers where

a≠0

 The squaring function f(x)=x2 is a quadratic

function
11/26/202 whose graph
FS follows:
NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.141
 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

 This general curved shape is called a parabola

and is
shared by the graphs of all quadratic functions

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.142

 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
 When graphing parabolas, we want to include certain
special points in the graph

 The y-intercept is the point where the graph

intersects the y-axis

 The x-intercepts are the points where the graph

intersects the x-
axis

 The vertex is the point that defines the minimum or

maximum of the graph

 Lastly, the line of symmetry (also called the axis of

symmetry) is the vertical line through the vertex, about
which the parabola
11/26/202 FS
is symmetric
NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.143
 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.144

 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

 For any parabola, we will find the vertex and y-

intercept In addition, if the x-intercepts exist,
then we will want to determine those as well

 Guessing at the x-values of these special points

is not practical; therefore, we will develop
techniques that will facilitate finding them

 Given a quadratic function f(x)=ax2+bx+c, find

the y-
intercept by evaluating the function where x=0
11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.145
 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.146

 GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.147

 CARPET GRAPHS
 Often it is required to show the relationships
among more than two variables on one graph

 This standard cartesian presentation can be

modified to do this and an example is shown in
the figure below

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.148

 CARPET GRAPHS
 In the figure adjacent, the lines A1
to A6 represent lines of constant S
(with S ranging from 60 to 10)
and the lines C1 to C8 represent
lines of constant T (with T ranging
from 0.1 to 0.8)

 Every point on the graph has a

unique
value for J, B, S or T

 Thus, point Q on the graph

represents a condition where:

J = 2.25
B =365
11/26/202 S FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.149
 CARPET GRAPHS
 Given 2 of the variables, it is possible to find the
other two variable

 If J = 3.89, B = 138, find S and T.

 Point X has the values J = 3.89, B = 138 and it

also marks the intersection of the S = 30 and
T = 0.2 lines

 Thus S = 30 and T = 0.2

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.150

 CARPET GRAPHS
 If S = 20, T = 0.5, find J and B

 Point Y has the values S = 20, T = 0.5 and it also

marks the
intersection of the J = 2.33 and B = 243 lines

 Thus B = 243 and J = 2.33

 If B = 300 and S = 50, find J and T.

 Point Z has the values B + 300, S = 50 and it also

marks the
intersection of the J = 3.75 and T = 0.5 lines

11/26/202
 Thus J FS
= 3.75 and
NIGERIAN T = OF
COLLEGE 0.5
AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.151
 GRAPHS

Exercises on Graphs

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.152

 SUMMAR
Y

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.153

 MASTERY TEST

11/26/202 FS NIGERIAN COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, ZARIA PPT 2.154